Orthotopic heart transplantation in patients with persistent left superior vena cava: bicaval and biatrial techniques.

Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is the most common congenital venous abnormality. With the increasing number of children who survive into adulthood with congenital heart malformations, the recognition of persistent LSVC among patients with advanced heart failure is likely to rise. We present two cases of orthotopic heart transplantation in the setting of LSVC successfully managed with biatrial and bicaval techniques.