M Aapro1, J Arends2, F Bozzetti3, K Fearon4, S M Grunberg5, J Herrstedt6, J Hopkinson7, N Jacquelin-Ravel1, A Jatoi8, S Kaasa9, F Strasser10. 1. Clinique de Genolier, Genolier, Switzerland. 2. Tumor Biology Center, Albert Ludwig's University, Freiburg, Germany. 3. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. 4. School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK k.fearon@ed.ac.uk. 5. Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA. 6. Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. 7. School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. 8. Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. 9. Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. 10. Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital, St Gallen, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Weight loss and cachexia are common, reduce tolerance of cancer treatment and the likelihood of response, and independently predict poor outcome. METHODS: A group of experts met under the auspices of the European School of Oncology to review the literature and-on the basis of the limited evidence at present-make recommendations for malnutrition and cachexia management and future research. CONCLUSIONS: Our focus should move from end-stage wasting to supporting patients' nutritional and functional state throughout the increasingly complex and prolonged course of anti-cancer treatment. When inadequate nutrient intake predominates (malnutrition), this can be managed by conventional nutritional support. In the presence of systemic inflammation/altered metabolism (cachexia), a multi-modal approach including novel therapeutic agents is required. For all patients, oncologists should consider three supportive care issues: ensuring sufficient energy and protein intake, maintaining physical activity to maintain muscle mass and (if present) reducing systemic inflammation. The results of phase II/III trials based on novel drug targets (e.g. cytokines, ghrelin receptor, androgen receptor, myostatin) are expected in the next 2 years. If effective therapies emerge, early detection of malnutrition and cachexia will be increasingly important in the hope that timely intervention can improve both patient-centered and oncology outcomes.
BACKGROUND:Weight loss and cachexia are common, reduce tolerance of cancer treatment and the likelihood of response, and independently predict poor outcome. METHODS: A group of experts met under the auspices of the European School of Oncology to review the literature and-on the basis of the limited evidence at present-make recommendations for malnutrition and cachexia management and future research. CONCLUSIONS: Our focus should move from end-stage wasting to supporting patients' nutritional and functional state throughout the increasingly complex and prolonged course of anti-cancer treatment. When inadequate nutrient intake predominates (malnutrition), this can be managed by conventional nutritional support. In the presence of systemic inflammation/altered metabolism (cachexia), a multi-modal approach including novel therapeutic agents is required. For all patients, oncologists should consider three supportive care issues: ensuring sufficient energy and protein intake, maintaining physical activity to maintain muscle mass and (if present) reducing systemic inflammation. The results of phase II/III trials based on novel drug targets (e.g. cytokines, ghrelin receptor, androgen receptor, myostatin) are expected in the next 2 years. If effective therapies emerge, early detection of malnutrition and cachexia will be increasingly important in the hope that timely intervention can improve both patient-centered and oncology outcomes.
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