The over-expression of Chrysanthemum crassum CcSOS1 improves the salinity tolerance of chrysanthemum.

Soil salinity represents a major constraint on plant growth. Here, we report that the over-expression of the Chrysanthemum crassum plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene CcSOS1, driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, improved the salinity tolerance of chrysanthemum 'Jinba'. In salinity-stressed transgenic plants, both the proportion of the leaf area suffering damage and the electrical conductivity of the leaf were lower in the transgenic lines than in salinity-stressed wild type plants. After a 6 day exposure to 200 mM NaCl, the leaf content of both chlorophyll (a+b) and proline was higher in the transgenic than in the wild type plants. The activity of both superoxide dismutase and peroxidase was higher in the transgenic than in the wild type plants throughout the period of NaCl stress. The transgenic plants had a stronger control over the ingress of Na(+) into the plant, particularly with respect to the youngest leaves, and so maintained a more favorable K(+)/Na(+) ratio. The result suggests that a possible strategy for improving the salinity tolerance of chrysanthemum could target the restriction of Na(+) accumulation. This study is the first to report the transgenic expression of a Na(+) efflux carrier in chrysanthemum.