Louisa Degenhardt1, Amanda J Baxter2, Yong Yi Lee2, Wayne Hall3, Grant E Sara4, Nicole Johns5, Abraham Flaxman5, Harvey A Whiteford2, Theo Vos5. 1. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 3053, Australia. Electronic address: l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au. 2. Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane 4074, Australia; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia. 3. University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia; National Addiction Centre, Kings College, London, England, United Kingdom. 4. School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia; InforMH, Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Office, NSW Health, Sydney 2113, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2065, Australia. 5. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Abstract
AIMS: To estimate the global prevalence of cocaine and amphetamine dependence and the burden of disease attributable to these disorders. METHODS: An epidemiological model was developed using DisMod-MR, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, using epidemiological data (prevalence, incidence, remission and mortality) sourced from a multi-stage systematic review of data. Age, sex and region-specific prevalence was estimated for and multiplied by comorbidity-adjusted disability weightings to estimate years of life lost to disability (YLDs) from these disorders. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated from cross-national vital registry data. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated by summing YLDs and YLLs in 21 regions, by sex and age, in 1990 and 2010. RESULTS: In 2010, there were an estimated 24.1 million psychostimulant dependent people: 6.9 million cocaine and 17.2 million amphetamines, equating to a point prevalence of 0.10% (0.09-0.11%) for cocaine, and 0.25% (0.22-0.28%) for amphetamines. There were 37.6 amphetamine dependence DALYs (21.3-59.3) per 100,000 population in 2010 and 15.9 per 100,000 (9.3-25.0) cocaine dependence DALYs. There were clear differences between amphetamines and cocaine in the geographic distribution of crude DALYs. Over half of amphetamine dependence DALYs were in Asian regions (52%), whereas almost half of cocaine dependence DALYs were in the Americas (44%, with 23% in North America High Income). CONCLUSION: Dependence upon psychostimulants is a substantial contributor to global disease burden; the contribution of cocaine and amphetamines to this burden varies dramatically by geographic region. There is a need to scale up evidence-based interventions to reduce this burden.
AIMS: To estimate the global prevalence of cocaine and amphetamine dependence and the burden of disease attributable to these disorders. METHODS: An epidemiological model was developed using DisMod-MR, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, using epidemiological data (prevalence, incidence, remission and mortality) sourced from a multi-stage systematic review of data. Age, sex and region-specific prevalence was estimated for and multiplied by comorbidity-adjusted disability weightings to estimate years of life lost to disability (YLDs) from these disorders. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated from cross-national vital registry data. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated by summing YLDs and YLLs in 21 regions, by sex and age, in 1990 and 2010. RESULTS: In 2010, there were an estimated 24.1 million psychostimulant dependent people: 6.9 million cocaine and 17.2 million amphetamines, equating to a point prevalence of 0.10% (0.09-0.11%) for cocaine, and 0.25% (0.22-0.28%) for amphetamines. There were 37.6 amphetamine dependence DALYs (21.3-59.3) per 100,000 population in 2010 and 15.9 per 100,000 (9.3-25.0) cocaine dependence DALYs. There were clear differences between amphetamines and cocaine in the geographic distribution of crude DALYs. Over half of amphetamine dependence DALYs were in Asian regions (52%), whereas almost half of cocaine dependence DALYs were in the Americas (44%, with 23% in North America High Income). CONCLUSION: Dependence upon psychostimulants is a substantial contributor to global disease burden; the contribution of cocaine and amphetamines to this burden varies dramatically by geographic region. There is a need to scale up evidence-based interventions to reduce this burden.
Authors: Robert Suchting; Jessica N Vincent; Scott D Lane; Charles E Green; Joy M Schmitz; Margaret C Wardle Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2018-11-15 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Richard S Schottenfeld; Marek C Chawarski; Mehmet Sofuoglu; Weng-Tink Chooi; Norzarina M Zaharim; M Azhar M Yasin; Imran Ahmad; Sharifah Zubaidiah Syed Jaapar; B Kasinather Vicknasingam Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2018-03-10 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Margaret C Wardle; Jessica N Vincent; Robert Suchting; Charles E Green; Scott D Lane; Joy M Schmitz Journal: J Subst Abuse Treat Date: 2016-09-09
Authors: Fleur L Warton; Paul A Taylor; Christopher M R Warton; Christopher D Molteno; Pia Wintermark; Nadine M Lindinger; Lilla Zöllei; Andre van der Kouwe; Joseph L Jacobson; Sandra W Jacobson; Ernesta M Meintjes Journal: Metab Brain Dis Date: 2017-10-23 Impact factor: 3.584
Authors: Raina D Pang; Matthew G Kirkpatrick; Nicholas I Goldenson; Casey R Guillot; Adam M Leventhal Journal: Pharmacol Biochem Behav Date: 2016-03-04 Impact factor: 3.533