Emerging treatments for wet age-related macular degeneration.

INTRODUCTION: Wet or exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the United States for individuals over the age of 65 years. Wet AMD is characterized by the formation of choroidal neovascularization, which can lead to edema, hemorrhage and scarring of the macula. This leads to metamorphopsia and vision loss. Without treatment, the loss of vision is permanent. The current gold standard treatment of wet AMD consists of intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications. AREAS COVERED: Numerous new therapies in the drug pipeline aim at addressing limitations of current treatments. Future therapies involve novel compounds that attack different parts of the VEGF cascade, novel delivery systems aimed at reducing the frequency of intraocular injections, combination therapies and the use of radiation in conjunction with intravitreal therapies. EXPERT OPINION: Limitations of current treatments include the need for repeated injections, the high financial costs and treatment burdens of repeated injections, the risk of adverse ocular and systemic adverse events, and the inability to completely reverse the disease process of wet AMD. There are many new therapies and approaches in the pipeline which hold promise for improving the treatment of wet AMD.