BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The association between depression and smoking is firmly established, but how the association develops remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine development of the smoking-depression association from early adolescence to adulthood. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the smoking-depression association from adolescence to adulthood. SETTING: Hordaland, Norway. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of adolescents (initially, 924 pupils) in the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study (NLHB) was followed over nine data collection waves from ages 13 to 30 years. MEASUREMENTS: Daily smoking and depressed mood were measured in each wave. FINDINGS: In the cross-sectional analyses, daily smoking and depression were significantly associated (P-value range from P < 0.01 to 0.04) in eight of nine waves. In the final longitudinal model, after controlling for the time-invariant effects of smoking and depression and of tertiary factors, the only significant paths were early adolescent smoking prediction of early adolescent depression (waves 1-2: β = 0.07, P < 0.05; waves 2-3: β = 0.12, P < 0.05) and vice versa (waves 1-2: β = 0.10, P < 0.05; waves 2-3: β = 0.08, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The inter-relationship between depression and smoking seems to be due to the reciprocal causal effects between smoking and depression that are established in early adolescence and maintained into adulthood.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The association between depression and smoking is firmly established, but how the association develops remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine development of the smoking-depression association from early adolescence to adulthood. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the smoking-depression association from adolescence to adulthood. SETTING: Hordaland, Norway. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of adolescents (initially, 924 pupils) in the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study (NLHB) was followed over nine data collection waves from ages 13 to 30 years. MEASUREMENTS: Daily smoking and depressed mood were measured in each wave. FINDINGS: In the cross-sectional analyses, daily smoking and depression were significantly associated (P-value range from P < 0.01 to 0.04) in eight of nine waves. In the final longitudinal model, after controlling for the time-invariant effects of smoking and depression and of tertiary factors, the only significant paths were early adolescent smoking prediction of early adolescent depression (waves 1-2: β = 0.07, P < 0.05; waves 2-3: β = 0.12, P < 0.05) and vice versa (waves 1-2: β = 0.10, P < 0.05; waves 2-3: β = 0.08, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The inter-relationship between depression and smoking seems to be due to the reciprocal causal effects between smoking and depression that are established in early adolescence and maintained into adulthood.
Authors: Joseph T Ciccolo; David M Williams; Shira I Dunsiger; James W Whitworth; Aston K McCullough; Beth B Bock; Bess H Marcus; Merle Myerson Journal: Ment Health Phys Act Date: 2014-06-01
Authors: Amy E Taylor; Meg E Fluharty; Johan H Bjørngaard; Maiken Elvestad Gabrielsen; Frank Skorpen; Riccardo E Marioni; Archie Campbell; Jorgen Engmann; Saira Saeed Mirza; Anu Loukola; Tiina Laatikainen; Timo Partonen; Marika Kaakinen; Francesca Ducci; Alana Cavadino; Lise Lotte N Husemoen; Tarunveer Singh Ahluwalia; Rikke Kart Jacobsen; Tea Skaaby; Jeanette Frost Ebstrup; Erik Lykke Mortensen; Camelia C Minica; Jacqueline M Vink; Gonneke Willemsen; Pedro Marques-Vidal; Caroline E Dale; Antoinette Amuzu; Lucy T Lennon; Jari Lahti; Aarno Palotie; Katri Räikkönen; Andrew Wong; Lavinia Paternoster; Angelita Pui-Yee Wong; L John Horwood; Michael Murphy; Elaine C Johnstone; Martin A Kennedy; Zdenka Pausova; Tomáš Paus; Yoav Ben-Shlomo; Ellen A Nohr; Diana Kuh; Mika Kivimaki; Johan G Eriksson; Richard W Morris; Juan P Casas; Martin Preisig; Dorret I Boomsma; Allan Linneberg; Chris Power; Elina Hyppönen; Juha Veijola; Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin; Tellervo Korhonen; Henning Tiemeier; Meena Kumari; David J Porteous; Caroline Hayward; Pål R Romundstad; George Davey Smith; Marcus R Munafò Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2014-10-07 Impact factor: 2.692