Critical appraisal of loteprednol ointment, gel, and suspension in the treatment of postoperative inflammation and pain following ocular and corneal transplant surgery.

PURPOSE: To review comprehensively the available peer-reviewed published articles in the literature on loteprednol suspension, gel, and ointment in the treatment of ocular inflammation and pain following ocular surgery.
METHODS: We conducted a PubMed literature search review of all published articles on keywords associated with loteprednol etabonate and ocular surgery.
RESULTS: A total of 59 peer-reviewed articles were found in the literature. The focus of the majority of the articles was on the safety and efficacy of loteprednol etabonate 0.5% in postoperative control of inflammation and pain following cataract surgery. There were only three articles with a remote association between loteprednol etabonate and keratoplasty.
CONCLUSION: Lotemax® ointment may also have potential as a first-line anti-inflammatory agent of choice in postoperative settings of strabismus and penetrating glaucoma, and following low-risk penetrating keratoplasty procedures.

Introduction

The history of corneal transplantation dates back over 200 years. In 1905, Eduard Zirm performed the first successful full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty (PK).1 Techniques using allografts and xenografts for full-thickness keratoplasty were first performed in the early 1800s; there was a relatively high rate of failure due to endothelial rejection. Over 100 years later, topical and systemic steroids became available. Steroids and improvement in surgical instrumentation in the 1950s led to a steady rise in the survival rates of corneal grafts. In the early 2000s, with the emergence of selective lamellar keratoplasty, the femtosecond laser, modern instrumentation, and in particular newer anti-inflammatories led to better success. All of these improvements allowed physicians and patients a more rapid postoperative recovery due to earlier removal of sutures and a reduction in the rates of corneal graft failure.2 Furthermore, we started to understand the importance of the ocular surface and the significance of healthy limbal stem cells and epithelium. This has led to a change in practice patterns, where we try to get away from preservatives and their effects on goblet cells in the conjunctiva as well as increasing the hydration of the epithelium. This led to better corneal graft success.

A number of articles were found in our literature review on corneal transplants and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. While the focus of the articles was on reducing graft rejection, most articles discussed the relationship of pain and medications to decrease the pain. Maumenee was the first to report on the mechanism of corneal graft rejection in the 1950s.3 In that work, the mechanism of antigen-antibody reactions was described, as well as immediate and late hypersensitivity responses in an avascular corneal graft.4,5 Follow-up investigative studies analyzed immune reactions following PK. The number of immune cells and in particular macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes were shown to correlate directly with the severity of endothelial rejection.5,6 This is why surgeons use immunomodulating medications, particularly topical and/or systemic steroids following PKs. This clearly has improved success from the early days of corneal transplantations. Corticosteroids have a broad mechanism of action. They suppress both the early and late phases of inflammation. One method is by effectively inhibiting phospholipase A2 (used in converting membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid) in the inflammatory cascade; arachidonic acid is a leading compound in initiation of the inflammatory response. Steroids also decreased the formation of all eicosanoids by reducing the production of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Despite their noteworthy efficacy in reducing host immune responses, first-generation steroids, ie, dexamethasone, have posed their own unique challenges to patients and physicians who have had to prescribe them routinely to patients from the early days of this procedure. Among some of these issues, exacerbation of ocular surface disease as a result of preservatives within the ocular steroid medications and steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation rank high on the list. Such events reduce the level of adherence to typical steroid drops.7

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work solely by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme and blocking prostaglandin production. NSAIDs are not used in patients following PK for reducing intraocular inflammation or pain. For many years, researchers have sought the triggering pathophysiological events and mechanisms causing rejection and pain post-PK. Increased understanding of the triggering event(s) allows clinicians to target the treatment with more specific drugs. In one such recent discovery, it was shown that majority of corneal resident stromal dendritic cells (DCs) undergo maturation by acquiring high expression of major histocompatibility complex II antigens and costimulatory molecules.8 These donor-derived DCs migrate to host cervical lymph nodes to activate host T cells via the direct pathway. Targeting either the DCs or the host T cells should help to reduce the overall host immune-response rate to the donor cornea following PK. The same authors later found the infiltration of monocular and polymorphonuclear cells may be the mechanism of corneal graft failure. To counter the monocular and polymorphonuclear cell response, an injection of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone was shown to reduce the number of inflammatory response cells, resulting in an increased survival rate.9 Ma et al showed endostatin (from collagen XVIII), restin (from collagen XV), thrombospondin, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 play a significant role in a series of inflammatory cascades following PK.10 This study also discussed the integral role that healthy limbal stem cells and healthy epithelial basement membrane play in suppressing the impetus for corneal vascularization by decreasing these processes and in the restoration of corneal avascularity.10 Two other studies found corneal neovascularization and eosinophilic infiltration to be additional factors in cases of graft failure.11,12 Inhibition and reversal of such events would certainly extend the survival rate of corneal grafts.

Multiple medications targeting more than one site in the inflammatory pathway may also improve success post-PK. In a series of reports, investigators showed that combinations of two or more systemic immune suppressive agents (oral prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine) led to more successful outcomes in the management of corneal graft failure.13 Other agents may also extend graft longevity or reverse graft rejection: intravenous pulse methylprednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil with Cyclosporine A, topical birch-leaf extract (Betula pendula), rapamycin, and/or systemic tacrolimus have been evaluated as possible candidates to decrease rejection.14–21 The studies showed that pathways leading to T-cell activation and interleukin 1, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, to be critical factors in initiating and maintaining intraocular inflammation following PKs.

These pioneering works helped ophthalmologists to appreciate the contribution that steroids have had in suppressing the inflammatory cascade following PKs. Nearly a half-century after ophthalmologists started to use prednisolone acetate 1% for management of rejection and pain post-PK, a survey published in 2005 by Randleman and Stulting showed that between 37% and 90% of the 396 Cornea Society members responding preferred to use prednisolone acetate 1% in when prescribing anti-inflammatory medications after PK. Another 81%–91% of the surgeons used topical prednisolone for graft rejections. Loteprednol etabonate (LE) had been introduced, and 6%–12% of respondents solely used LE when continuing steroids longer than 6 months after PK.22 Prior to this survey, a similar survey was published in 1992. Rinne and Stulting surveyed 314 members of the Castroviejo Society. Topical prednisolone acetate, alone or in combination, was shown to be the preferred prescription for the routine postoperative immunosuppressive regimen as well as in the prevention and treatment of graft-rejection cases.23 In the US, the currently available topical ophthalmic steroids include: prednisolone acetate 1% (Pred Forte®; Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA), rimexolone suspension 1% (Vexol®; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA), fluorometholone 0.1% (FML®, Allergan) and loteprednol acetate 0.2% or 0.5% suspension, gel, or ointment (Alrex® 0.2%, Lotemax® 0.5%; Bausch and Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, NY, USA). Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Durezol®; Alcon Laboratories) is also available.

Loteprednol 0.5% is a corticosteroid, like prednisolone. It differs chemically by the absence of number 20 ketone compared to prednisolone. Pivotal trials showed that it was a lower-potency steroid compared to prednisolone, but it may have a role in the routine management of ocular inflammation following PK. It also possesses properties that may offer solutions when using steroids after PK. Loteprednol gel 0.5% (and ointment) is free of preservatives and stays on the ocular surface longer than drops, so it may have a place as well for post-PK patients.

Review of pharmacokinetics and mode of action of loteprednol 0.5% (Lotemax) ointment

In April 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved LE 0.5% ointment (Lotemax 0.5% ointment) for the treatment of postoperative inflammation and pain following ocular surgery (Figure 1). Ointments allow medication delivery with a base-delivery system that is free of many compounds seen in drops and gels. Additionally, they can be preservative-free. LE 0.5% ointment is preservative-free and does indeed have longer surface contact for drug delivery than drops. Lotemax ointment may have improved long-term tolerability and less epithelial toxicity because it contains mineral oil without benzalkonium chloride (BAK).24 Increased IOP as a result of topical steroids (steroid responder) is a well-documented side reaction described in the literature, which has certainly declined with the advent of Lotemax ointment or suspension.25 As a result, an increasing survival of corneal grafts may be appreciated due to a reduction in endothelial cell loss. The molecular formula of LE is C24H31ClO7 (Figure 2).26 LE is synthesized through structural modifications of prednisolone-related compounds. The ointment also contains inactive ingredients of white petrolatum, mineral oil without the preservative BAK. As a glucocorticoid compound, it inhibits prostaglandin production through several independent mechanisms and reduces the early inflammatory response by suppressing a variety of inciting agents. Additionally, glucocorticoids reduce capillary proliferation, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and cicatrization. LE is lipid-soluble (ten times greater lipophilicity than dexamethasone) and can penetrate into cells. It is an ester-based corticosteroid as opposed to a ketone-based corticosteroid (carbon-20 position is replaced with chloro methyl ester and the 17α-hydroxyl group with a carbonate moiety), such as dexamethasone or prednisolone. When the ester group is cleaved from loteprednol etabonate, it results in the formation of inactive carboxylic acid metabolites PJ-91 and PJ-90, neither of which binds to the glucocorticoid receptor. Receptor-binding studies have shown that LE has 4.3 times greater binding affinity than dexamethasone for glucocorticoid (type II) receptors and binds competitively to transcortin, a corticosteroid-binding plasma protein. The functional ester group at the C-20 of LE, instead of a ketone group, is believed to result in a reduced propensity for elevation in IOP compared to ketone corticosteroids.27,28 LE undergoes a relatively rapid transformation to an inactive metabolite, which improves its safety profile and reduces the risk of steroid response; this makes LE a good candidate for inflammatory ocular conditions.28 After installation of topical LE, research has shown that plasma levels of LE suspension and its metabolites are below the limit of quantification (1 ng/mL) following ocular administration of LE 0.5% eight times daily for 2 days and/or four times daily for 42 days.29 The study concluded that chronic exposure to LE at a concentration and frequency equal to or greater than the intended therapeutic dose does not result in detectable systemic levels or hypothalamic pituitary axis suppression. The existing literature on the pharmacokinetics and mode of LE ointment action describes these to be similar to the commercially available suspension/gel. Thus, LE ointment has unique chemical properties. It allows for lower toxicity through the inert metabolites seen after enzymatic breakdown. It has also been shown to have less likelihood for steroid response (Figure 3).42

Figure 1

Loteprednol etabonate 0.5% ointment, Bausch and Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, NY, USA.

Figure 2

Loteprednol etabonate molecular structure: loteprednol etabonate is synthesized through structural modifications of a prednisolone-related compound.

Notes: Chemical name: chloromethyl 17α-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]-11β-hydroxy-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene-17β-carboxylate. Active compound: loteprednol etabonate 5 mg (0.5%). Inactive compounds: mineral oil and white petrolatum.

Figure 3

Change in intraocular pressure after treatment with Lotemax® ointment or vehicle.

Notes: Values shown are the mean ± the standard error of the mean. Lotemax 0.5%, Bausch and Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, NY, USA. Copyright © 2011. Reproduced from Dove Medical Press. Comstock TL, Paterno MR, Singh A, Erb T, Davis E. Safety and efficacy of loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic ointment 0.5% for the treatment of inflammation and pain following cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:177–186.42

Abbreviation: Lotemax, Ioteprednol etabonate.

Review of efficacy studies

LE has been available for clinical use for more than a decade. There are three formulations of Lotemax preparations: suspension, gel, and ointment. No randomized comparative controlled study of Lotemax ointment has been published thus far. All clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of Lotemax ophthalmic suspension or the gel rather than the ointment. Loteprednol has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of inflammation related to seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, dry eye, and cataract surgery. A comprehensive literature review including the keywords “loteprednol etabonate” and “efficacy” (PubMed search 1991–2013) resulted in 103 articles, of which only four were related to corneal transplant surgery.7,22,29 However, corneal transplant surgery has evolved like medication options, so researchers have looked at endothelial survival after Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).30 This study reported switching some patients to LE during the course of postoperative treatment. The authors approach was to use LE as an alternative to prednisolone acetate. The primary focus of other studies looking at the efficacy of LE was where it is used to treat ocular inflammation, the safety and level of pain control following cataract surgery, and other conditions unrelated to PK surgery (such as vernal or seasonal allergic conjunctivitis).33–36,41 There seems to be a change in practice patterns where corneal surgeons use LE as an option for post-PK and -DSAEK patients. At the same time, we are seeing a movement away from preserved drops in the clinical setting, so the use of LE ointment is occurring, but we are unable to provide any direct citations on the efficacy or safety of Lotemax ointment in treatment of inflammation and pain following PK. However, Lotemax suspension or gel comparative efficacy studies on the control of inflammation and pain following other forms of intraocular surgeries can be indirectly attributed to Lotemax ointment, as it contains the same active ingredient without BAK preservative.

For studies published on Lotemax gel or suspension, we found a multicenter investigator-masked randomized trial by Lane and Holland showing the LE 0.5% (Lotemax) suspension to be equivalent to prednisolone acetate 1.0% (Pred Forte) in control of inflammation following cataract surgery. The efficacy of LE was examined in 88 patients with a 3-week follow-up; there was less IOP fluctuation on days 1 and 3.31 Statistical significance was not published. Both LE and prednisolone acetate medications were well tolerated by patients. In the pivotal FDA trials looking at postoperative patients in a randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled evaluation of the efficacy and safety of LE after cataract surgery, the resolution of anterior chamber inflammation was observed in 55% of 203 patients in the LE group and in 28% of the vehicle group (P<0.001) after 14 days. No adverse outcome was observed in either group, and no IOP elevation was noted in the LE group.31 In another randomized study by Stewart et al to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LE drops in controlling ocular inflammation, effective resolution of anterior chamber inflammation was found in 64% of patients in the LE group and in 29% of patients in the control (vehicle) group.32 In evaluating the efficacy of LE in the management of pain following cataract surgery, Comstock and Usner showed 84% control of pain for the LE group and 56% for the placebo group (P<0.005). In controlling discomfort, their study showed 79% efficacy for the LE group and 42% for the placebo group.33 In a prospective randomized study to evaluate the efficacy of LE gel 0.5% in controlling pain and inflammation, Fong et al showed 31.1% of LE-treated patients and 13.9% of vehicle-treated patients had complete resolution of anterior chamber cells at 8 days. There were 407 patients in the study. No adverse reactions to medications were noted. Furthermore, the authors showed 75.7% of LE-treated patients and 45.8% of vehicle-treated patients had no pain (grade 0).34 In comparative studies evaluating LE suspension 0.5%, other corticosteroids, or NSAIDs, Stewart found no statistically significant difference in efficacy between the LE- and fluorometholone acetate 0.1%-treated groups. This was a randomized double-masked study of 30 postoperative cataract patients looking at the resolution of the anterior segment inflammation. No adverse outcome was observed in either group.35 In another randomized comparative study, Oner et al looked at the efficacy of LE 0.5% suspension versus FML 0.1% versus prednisolone acetate 1% (PF 1%) in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The authors showed no statistically significant differences in outcome measures between the LE and PF groups for the 57 enrolled patients. The FML-treated group showed less improvement than the LE and PF groups. The study also showed statistically significant IOP elevation after the third day of treatment with PF. The authors concluded LE was as effective as PF and more effective than FML in treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis without side effects.36 Holzer et al published a prospective randomized comparative study of LE suspension 0.5% and ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.5% for treatment of inflammation after cataract surgery, and showed no statistically significant difference in any final outcome parameters between the two groups up to 30 days postoperatively. Postoperative pain was not assessed. The authors noted no adverse side effects in either group.37 A more recent multicenter, randomized, double-masked study by Rajpal et al evaluated the efficacy of LE gel 0.5% compared to vehicle for resolving inflammation and pain following cataract surgery. The authors showed LE gel had superior efficacy in reducing anterior chamber cells and flare in patients following cataract surgery in comparison to the vehicle. The authors concluded that LE gel 0.5% would likely be more suitable in treatment of ocular inflammation following ocular surgery. Because of formulation improvements, including no preservatives and a more physiological pH, the authors felt it may provide added benefit to patients.38 We were unable to identify any publications supporting Lotemax (in any form) as the preferred choice of ocular inflammation following PK surgeries. The Randleman and Stulting survey showed that of the 396 corneal transplant surgeons participating, 37%–90% used topical prednisolone as their primary or preferred routine anti-inflammatory drug of choice following PK. Also, 81%–91% used topical prednisolone acetate 1% (PF) for various manifestations of graft rejection at all time points. Lotemax suspension was used in 12%–26% of cases. That study, as well as others, concluded that topical prednisolone remained the mainstay for the prevention and treatment of corneal graft rejection; however, they pointed out that the role of LE seems to have been expanding.22,39 In a more recent retrospective study of 30 patients by Holland et al to evaluate for a clinical reduction in IOP in known steroid responders using LE 0.5% ophthalmic suspension as second-line rescue therapy after corneal transplantation, the authors concluded that switching to LE from PF was successful in reducing IOP. Reduction of IOP was noted in all 30 patients who were switched from PF to LE. The authors concluded that switching to LE from PF was successful in reducing IOP. The study showed no increase in the rate of allograft rejection. Additionally, they recommended that physicians consider LE 0.5% in the prophylaxis of allograft rejection in steroid responders, due to its lower potential for causing elevated IOP.40 In a prospective randomized multi-centered double-masked trial, Rajpal et al compared LE gel 0.5% to a vehicle and showed LE gel 0.5% to be efficacious and safe in treating postoperative inflammation and pain. The study included 203 patients followed for 18 days after cataract surgery.41 A total of four treatment-emergent serious adverse events were noted during the study; none was felt related to the study drug. In both treatment groups, the mean IOP remained stable, and no cases of steroid response were observed. Finally, in a large randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled study of LE, Comstock et al published data on 805 patients assessed for safety and efficacy of LE ophthalmic ointment 0.5% for the treatment of inflammation and pain following cataract surgery. The study showed LE ointment to be both efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of ocular inflammation and pain following cataract surgery.42 Mean IOP for all study eyes in both treatment arms (LE and prednisolone) was consistently lower than baseline at all posttreatment visits. This is not surprising, as many studies have shown decreased IOP after cataract surgery.43 One patient in the LE ointment-treated group experienced cystoid macular edema, requiring the patient to exit from the study. The authors, in their conclusion, asserted that the integrated results of all published studies on LE ointment show the medication to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of postoperative inflammation and pain following ocular surgery.42 Tables 1 and 2 summarize the available published literature on efficacy of Lotemax and intraocular inflammation.

Table 1

Published clinical studies on Lotemax® and penetrating keratoplasty

Investigators	Year	Journal	Topic	Design
Randleman and Stulting22	2006	Cornea	Corneal graft and steroid	Survey
Erdmus et al7	2009	Cornea	IOP and steroid	Retrospective chart review
Holland et al40	2009	Cornea	IOP and steroid	Retrospective chart review

Note: Lotemax, Bausch and Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, NY, USA.

Abbreviation: IOP, intraocular pressure.

Table 2

Comparative studies on efficacy and safety of Lotemax® 0.5% in resolution of postoperative inflammation

Investigators	Journal	Year	Total patients	Follow-up	Comparative drug
Lane and Holland31	J Cataract Refract Surg	2013	88	21 days	PF 1.0%
Stewart et al32	J Cataract Refract Surg	1998	227	14 days	Placebo
Fong et al34	Clin Ophthalmol	2012	407	14 days	Vehicle
Oner et al36	Jpn J Ophthalmol	2012	60	28 days	PF 1.0% and FML 0.1%
Holzer et al37	J Cataract Refract Surg	2002	60	30 days	Acular 0.5%
Rajpal et al41	J Cataract Refract Surg	2013	406	14 days	Vehicle
Comstock et al42	Clin Ophthalmol	2011	805	8 days	Vehicle

Note: Lotemax, Bausch and Lomb Incorporated, Rochester, NY, USA.

Abbreviations: PF, prednisolone acetate; FML, fluorometholone.

Safety and tolerability of loteprednol ointment

The safety and tolerability profile of Lotemax has been evaluated primarily as a 0.5% ophthalmic suspension (New Drug Application 20–583) in clinical trials. In a clinical evaluation of LE ointment, Comstock et al concluded that the preservative-free ointment formulations of LE may provide a safety advantage over FML ointment and allow physicians a choice of dosage forms in treating ocular inflammation following ocular surgery.42 Howes reported that LE is a corticosteroid designed using the “soft drug” concept of Bodor, and in comparison with other steroids, LE has a superior safety profile, which has been attributed to its soft-drug characteristics.44 Soft drugs are new therapeutic agents that undergo predictable metabolism to inactive metabolites after exerting their therapeutic effect. Hence, they are obtained by building into the molecule, in addition to the activity, the most desired way in which the molecule is to be deactivated and detoxified.30 During early phase FDA toxicity evaluation, rabbits and dogs were followed for 28 days; there were no significant toxicity findings, except for the transient irregular aspect of the ocular surface (in both treated and control groups), felt to be caused by the viscous consistency of the ointment vehicle. No carcinogenic studies have been conducted for LE. LE has not been studied in pregnant or nursing women, but has been found to be teratogenic in animals. As a result, LE should not be used in pregnant or nursing women unless the benefits to the mother clearly outweigh the risk to the fetus or the nursing child. In animal studies, oral administration of LE did not result in fetal growth retardation. The safety of LE ointment in pediatric patients has not been established, and it should be used with caution, as it may interfere with amblyopia treatment. Two large prospective clinical studies evaluated the safety of LE ointment for the FDA clinical analysis (clinical studies 52532 and 52655). When both studies were pooled to create a common database of 405 subjects, analysis for safety was done, and the most common ocular adverse events were anterior chamber inflammation, corneal edema, photophobia, conjunctival hyperemia, eye pain, and iritis. These same events happened with the placebo or vehicle; however, LE had a lower frequency of these events. The studies showed LE was well tolerated by patients receiving the medication. In individuals treated for 28 days or longer with LE suspension, the incidence of significant elevation of IOP ($10 mmHg) was 2% among patients receiving LE and 0.5% among patients receiving placebo. Clinical trials did not show any significant difference in occurrence of serious and nonserious systemic adverse events between LE and placebo. Randomized controlled trials comparing active corticosteroid components looked at the cost-effectiveness of loteprednol compared to other commonly used steroids in the management of ocular inflammation occurring as postoperative inflammation, acute anterior uveitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, or seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Forte showed that the total cost of treating ocular inflammation was higher in the prednisolone arm due to the higher probability of elevated IOP and the resources consumed in its management.45 Druzgala et al showed that the levels of LE and its metabolites were highest in the cornea, and so was the ratio of metabolites to unchanged drug, suggesting that the primary site of deactivation of the drug and systemic presence of the drug would be minimal.46 In their review article, Amon and Busin concluded that LE had similar efficacy to rimexolone and difluprednate by offering similar rates in the resolution of ocular inflammation with fewer clinically significant increases in IOP ($10 mmHg); thus, they found LE was a clinically safer ophthalmic corticosteroid.47 Concern continues today, as over the last few decades, about causing significant and intractable steroid-related IOP elevation following PK. When grafts done for a variety of conditions, such as Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy or keratoconus (KCN), need immunosuppression and when IOP rises, it confounds the ability to use pressure-rising steroids, which would inevitably lead to a choice between corneal graft failure or visual field loss. In a retrospective review of 100 patients who underwent PK, Erdurmus et al found that steroid-induced IOP elevation or glaucoma after PK was not unusual in eyes with KCN or Fuchs’ dystrophy (73% in the KCN group and 60.3% in the Fuchs’ dystrophy group).7 LE would be an ideal alternative steroid in such cases. Applying ophthalmic ointment immediately following penetrating intraocular surgery raises some concern. Teaching patients or companions how to apply the ointment is also time-consuming, and doctors vary in how they have patients apply the medication. Additionally, there is a concern about the inadvertent entrance of the ointment into the anterior chamber.48 Optimal care must be taken to have a watertight closure of the incision sites and to instruct the patients to not rub their eyes in cases where LE ointment is considered following the surgery.49 Numerous reports of intraocular ophthalmic ointments have recently appeared in the literature linking the presence of the ointment with the initiation of toxic anterior segment syndrome, glaucoma, and recurrent uveitis.49–54

Patients’ perspectives on loteprednol use

There are no publications on how satisfied patients are when using Lotemax ointment. However, in a two-arm study published in 2013 evaluating the efficacy of Lotemax gel used for treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation and pain, Rajpal et al reported that 85% of patients reported no discomfort on instillation of the gel.41 Furthermore, the study showed that the majority of the 406 patients in both treatment groups had no dryness, itching, or discharge. The authors felt moving away from shaking the bottle (in order to resuspend the drug particles) may increase compliance. The nonsettling nature of the gel formulation as well as the ointment would eliminate the need to shake the bottle.45 A reduced level of BAK and more physiological pH of LE gel resulted in improved patient tolerance, enhanced comfort, and better overall satisfaction. Similarly, Lotemax ointment does not contain BAK, and may provide even further ocular surface tolerance and comfort by containing mineral oil and white petrolatum, an ideal medication for treatment of ocular inflammation and ocular surface disease following PK procedures. As with other ocular ointment formulations containing mineral oil, a transient reduction in visual acuity is expected, and patients need to be informed of such an expected side effect following application of the ointment.

Conclusion

Place in therapy

Following a comprehensive review of published articles on Lotemax 0.5% suspension, gel, and ointment, our conclusion is as follows. The clinical application of Lotemax ointment offers significant advantage over other currently available steroid medications in the treatment of mild-to-moderate ocular inflammatory conditions. Lotemax ointment should be considered as a first-line therapeutic agent in the treatment of ocular inflammation in adult or pediatric patients following cataract surgery when the patients suffer from comorbid ocular surface disease, chronic ocular allergy, dry eyes, or have a history of steroid response or ocular hypertension. The safety and efficacy of the anti-inflammatory application of this drug has well been established in the literature. Lotemax ointment may also have potential as a first-line anti-inflammatory agent of choice in postoperative settings of strabismus, penetrating glaucoma, and following low-risk PK procedures. Lotemax ointment may also have a significant role where patients have arthritis or a tremor and cannot place drops easily. In clinical settings, where steroid ointment needs to be applied chronically in children or low-vision individuals, utmost care should be taken to avoid the onset of amblyopia and adverse health outcomes. Future double-masked randomized clinical trials will establish the safety and efficacy of Lotemax ointment in the treatment of postoperative inflammation following strabismus, glaucoma, and PK surgeries, and will corroborate our asserted clinical application of this drug.