Increased pond depth improves algal productivity and nutrient removal in wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds.

Depth has been widely recognised as a crucial operational feature of a high rate algal pond (HRAP) as it modifies the amount of light and frequency at which microalgal cells are exposed to optimal light. To date, there has been little focus on the optimisation of microalgal performance in wastewater treatment HRAPs with respect to depth, with advice ranging from as shallow as possible to 100 cm deep. This paper investigates the seasonal performance of microalgae in wastewater treatment HRAPs operated at three different depths (200, 300 and 400 mm). Microalgal performance was measured in terms of biomass production and areal productivity, nutrient removal efficiency and photosynthetic performance. The overall areal productivity significantly increased with increasing depth. Areal productivity ranged from 134 to 200% higher in the 400 mm deep HRAP compared to the 200 mm deep HRAP. Microalgae in the 400 mm deep HRAP were more efficient at NH4-N uptake and were photosynthetically more efficient compared to microalgae in the 200 mm deep HRAP. A higher chlorophyll-a concentration in the 200 mm deep HRAP resulted in a decrease in photosynthetic performance, due to insufficient carbon supply, over the course of the day in summer (as indicated by lower α, Pmax and oxygen production) compared to the 300 and 400 mm deep HRAPs. Based on these results, improved areal productivity and more wastewater can be treated per land area in the 400 mm deep HRAPs compared to 200 mm deep HRAPs without compromising wastewater treatment quality, while lowering capital and operational costs.