β-Blockers and atrial fibrillation: hypertension and other medical conditions influencing their use.

β-Blockers are among the most frequently used drugs in patients with atrial fibrillation. They are often used for ventricular rate control, acutely in emergency situations and chronically, in patients with persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation. They are also used, with less evidence of benefit, to prevent the first occurrence or recurrence of atrial fibrillation, particularly in patients with hypertension. They are effective in reducing ventricular rate, potentially leading to an improvement in symptoms and well-being. They are particularly indicated in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation; the choice of β-blockers in this condition should be guided by tolerability and effects on symptoms and well-being.