Associations between pain appraisals and pain outcomes: meta-analyses of laboratory pain and chronic pain literatures.

UNLABELLED: In this research, meta-analyses were performed to evaluate associations between primary appraisals of pain as a source of threat and/or challenge and responses to 1) noxious laboratory stimuli and 2) chronic noncancer pain. Twenty-two laboratory pain studies comprising 2,031 participants and 59 chronic pain studies based on 9,135 patients were identified for analysis. For laboratory pain, elevated threat appraisals were linked to overall increases in reported pain, reduced pain tolerance, and high levels of passive coping. Method of measuring appraisal as well as type and duration of noxious stimulation moderated some of these associations. Challenge appraisals were related to more pain tolerance and less passive coping but not pain intensity. For chronic pain studies, threat appraisals had positive overall correlations with pain intensity, impairment, affective distress, and passive coping but were negatively related to active coping. The pattern of associations between challenge appraisals and outcomes was largely complementary. Appraisal scale used and gender were consistent moderators of appraisal-outcome relations in chronic pain samples. In sum, appraisals of pain as a source of potential damage or opportunity have robust associations with responses to acute laboratory pain and ongoing chronic pain. PERSPECTIVE: Meta-analyses evaluated associations between primary appraisals and responses to laboratory pain and chronic pain. Significant effect sizes for most outcomes suggest that appraisals of pain as a source of threat and challenge have important implications for functioning in response to pain.