A Unified Picture of Cantilever Frequency-Shift Measurements of Magnetic Resonance.

We report a unified framework describing all existing protocols for spin manipulation and signal creation in frequency-modulation magnetic resonance force microscopy using classical perturbation theory. The framework is well suited for studying the dependence of the frequency shift on the cantilever amplitude via numerical simulation. We demonstrate the formalism by recovering an exact result for a single spin signal and by simulating, for the first time as a function of cantilever amplitude, the frequency shift due to a volume of noninteracting spins inverted by an adiabatic rapid passage. We show that an optimal cantilever amplitude exists that maximizes the signal. Our findings suggest that understanding the amplitude dependence of the spin signal will be important for designing future high-sensitivity experiments.