PURPOSE: To evaluate the internalization and subcellular fate of AS1411 aptamer (for glioma targeting) and TGN peptide (for blood-brain barrier targeting)-modified nanoparticles (AsTNPs), which was important for optimizing targeted delivery systems and realizing the potential toxicity to cells. METHODS: Organelles were labelled with specific markers. Several uptake inhibitors were used to determine the endocytosis pathways. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to directly observe the endocytosis procedure and subcellular fate of AsTNPs. RESULTS: Subcellular localization demonstrated that endosomes and mitochondria were involved in the uptake of AsTNPs by both C6 and bEnd.3 cells, however, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus were only involved in the internalization by C6 cells rather than bEnd.3 cells. Uptake mechanism study demonstrated the clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis were the main pathways in the uptake of AsTNPs by C6 and bEnd.3 cells. However, other pathways, including clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis are also involved in the uptake by C6 cells and not by bEnd.3 cells. TEM directly demonstrated the involvement of these pathways. Particles could be found mostly in endosomes. CONCLUSION: Compared to unmodified nanoparticles, AsTNPs displayed different internalization pathways involved in several cell organelles.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the internalization and subcellular fate of AS1411 aptamer (for glioma targeting) and TGN peptide (for blood-brain barrier targeting)-modified nanoparticles (AsTNPs), which was important for optimizing targeted delivery systems and realizing the potential toxicity to cells. METHODS: Organelles were labelled with specific markers. Several uptake inhibitors were used to determine the endocytosis pathways. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to directly observe the endocytosis procedure and subcellular fate of AsTNPs. RESULTS: Subcellular localization demonstrated that endosomes and mitochondria were involved in the uptake of AsTNPs by both C6 and bEnd.3 cells, however, lysosomes and Golgi apparatus were only involved in the internalization by C6 cells rather than bEnd.3 cells. Uptake mechanism study demonstrated the clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis were the main pathways in the uptake of AsTNPs by C6 and bEnd.3 cells. However, other pathways, including clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis are also involved in the uptake by C6 cells and not by bEnd.3 cells. TEM directly demonstrated the involvement of these pathways. Particles could be found mostly in endosomes. CONCLUSION: Compared to unmodified nanoparticles, AsTNPs displayed different internalization pathways involved in several cell organelles.
Authors: Haijiang Lin; Yueran Yue; Daniel E Maidana; Peggy Bouzika; Alp Atik; Hidetaka Matsumoto; Joan W Miller; Demetrios G Vavvas Journal: Semin Ophthalmol Date: 2016 Impact factor: 1.975
Authors: Luana di Leandro; Francesco Giansanti; Sabrina Mei; Sara Ponziani; Martina Colasante; Matteo Ardini; Francesco Angelucci; Giuseppina Pitari; Michele d'Angelo; Annamaria Cimini; Maria Serena Fabbrini; Rodolfo Ippoliti Journal: Front Pharmacol Date: 2021-04-15 Impact factor: 5.810