Periodic feedwater reversal and air sparging as antifouling strategies in reverse electrodialysis.

Renewable energy can be generated using natural streams of seawater and river water in reverse electrodialysis (RED). The potential for electricity production of this technology is huge, but fouling of the membranes and the membrane stack reduces the potential for large scale applications. This research shows that, without any specific antifouling strategies, the power density decreases in the first 4 h of operation to 40% of the originally obtained power density. It slowly decreases further in the remaining 67 days of operation. Using antifouling strategies, a significantly higher power density can be maintained. Periodically switching the feedwaters (i.e., changing seawater for river water and vice versa) generates the highest power density in the first hours of operation, probably due to a removal of multivalent ions and organic foulants from the membrane when the electrical current reverses. In the long term, colloidal fouling is observed in the stack without treatment and the stack with periodic feedwater switching, and preferential channeling is observed in the latter. This decreases the power density further. This decrease in power density is partly reversible. Only a stack with periodic air sparging has a minimum of colloidal fouling, resulting in a higher power density in the long term. A combination of the discussed antifouling strategies, together with the use of monovalent selective membranes, is recommended to maintain a high power density in RED in short-term and long-term operations.