Endocycling in the path of plant development.

Genome duplication is a widespread phenomenon in many eukaryotes. In plants numeric changes of chromosome sets have tremendous impact on growth performance and yields, hence, are of high importance for agriculture. In contrast to polyploidisation in which the genome is duplicated throughout the entire organism and stably inherited by the offspring, endopolyploidy relies on endocycles in which cells multiply the genome in specific tissues and cell types. During the endocycle cells repeatedly replicate their DNA but skip mitosis, leading to genome duplication after each round. Endocycles are common in multicellular eukaryotes and are often involved in the regulation of cell and organ growth. In plants, changes in cellular ploidy have also been associated with other developmental processes as well as physiological interactions with the surrounding environment. Thus, endocycles play pivotal roles throughout the life cycle of many plant species.