Looking in the Porphyromonas gingivalis cabinet of curiosities: the microbium, the host and cancer association.

The past decades of biomedical research have yielded massive evidence for the contribution of the microbiome in the development of a variety of chronic human diseases. There is emerging evidence that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a well-adapted opportunistic pathogen of the oral mucosa and prominent constituent of oral biofilms, best known for its involvement in periodontitis, may be an important mediator in the development of a number of multifactorial and seemingly unrelated chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and orodigestive cancers. Orodigestive cancers represent a large proportion of the total malignancies worldwide, and include cancers of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. For prevention and/or enhanced prognosis of these diseases, a good understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the interaction between P. gingivalis and host is much needed. With this review, we introduce the currently accumulated knowledge on P. gingivalis's plausible association with cancer as a risk modifier, and present the putative cancer-promoting cellular and molecular mechanisms that this organism may influence in the oral mucosa.