John K Maesaka1, Bali Sodam1, Thomas Palaia1, Louis Ragolia1, Vecihi Batuman2, Nobuyuki Miyawaki1, Shubha Shastry1, Steven Youmans3, Marwan El-Sabban4. 1. Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, N.Y., SUNY Medical School at Stony Brook, N.Y. USA. 2. Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine. USA. 3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Westbury, N.Y. USA. 4. Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines have all been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES: The present study identifies the apoptotic factor that was responsible for the fourfold increase in apoptotic rates that we previously noted when pig proximal tubule, LLC-PK1, cells were exposed to AD plasma as compared to plasma from normal controls and multi-infarct dementia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The apoptotic factor was isolated from AD urine and identified as lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS). L-PGDS was found to be the major apoptotic factor in AD plasma as determined by inhibition of apoptosis approximating control levels by the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) 2 inhibitor, NS398, and the antibody to L-PGDS. Blood levels of L-PGDS, however, were not elevated in AD. We now demonstrate a receptor-mediated uptake of L-PGDS in PC12 neuronal cells that was time, dose and temperature-dependent and was saturable by competition with cold L-PGDS and albumin. Further proof of this endocytosis was provided by an electron microscopic study of gold labeled L-PGDS and immunofluorescence with Alexa-labeled L-PGDS. RESULTS: The recombinant L-PGDS and wild type (WT) L-PGDS increased ROS but only the WTL-PGDS increased IL6 and TNFα, suggesting that differences in glycosylation of L-PGDS in AD was responsible for this discrepancy. CONCLUSIONS: These data collectively suggest that L-PGDS might play an important role in the development of dementia in patients on dialysis and of AD.
BACKGROUND: Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines have all been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVES: The present study identifies the apoptotic factor that was responsible for the fourfold increase in apoptotic rates that we previously noted when pig proximal tubule, LLC-PK1, cells were exposed to AD plasma as compared to plasma from normal controls and multi-infarct dementia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The apoptotic factor was isolated from AD urine and identified as lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS). L-PGDS was found to be the major apoptotic factor in AD plasma as determined by inhibition of apoptosis approximating control levels by the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) 2 inhibitor, NS398, and the antibody to L-PGDS. Blood levels of L-PGDS, however, were not elevated in AD. We now demonstrate a receptor-mediated uptake of L-PGDS in PC12 neuronal cells that was time, dose and temperature-dependent and was saturable by competition with cold L-PGDS and albumin. Further proof of this endocytosis was provided by an electron microscopic study of gold labeled L-PGDS and immunofluorescence with Alexa-labeled L-PGDS. RESULTS: The recombinant L-PGDS and wild type (WT) L-PGDS increased ROS but only the WTL-PGDS increased IL6 and TNFα, suggesting that differences in glycosylation of L-PGDS in AD was responsible for this discrepancy. CONCLUSIONS: These data collectively suggest that L-PGDS might play an important role in the development of dementia in patients on dialysis and of AD.
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