Ann L Montgomery1, Usha Ram2, Rajesh Kumar3, Prabhat Jha4. 1. Centre for Global Health Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 2. Centre for Global Health Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India. 3. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education, Chandigarh, India. 4. Centre for Global Health Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Data on cause-specific mortality, skilled birth attendance, and emergency obstetric care access are essential to plan maternity services. We present the distribution of India's 2001-2003 maternal mortality by cause and uptake of emergency obstetric care, in poorer and richer states. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The Registrar General of India surveyed all deaths occurring in 2001-2003 in 1.1 million nationally representative homes. Field staff interviewed household members about events that preceded the death. Two physicians independently assigned a cause of death. Narratives for all maternal deaths were coded for variables on healthcare uptake. Distribution of number of maternal deaths, cause-specific mortality and uptake of healthcare indicators were compared for poorer and richer states. There were 10,041 all-cause deaths in women age 15-49 years, of which 1096 (11.1%) were maternal deaths. Based on 2004-2006 SRS national MMR estimates of 254 deaths per 100,000 live births, we estimated rural areas of poorer states had the highest MMR (397, 95%CI 385-410) compared to the lowest MMR in urban areas of richer states (115, 95%CI 85-146). We estimated 69,400 maternal deaths in India in 2005. Three-quarters of maternal deaths were clustered in rural areas of poorer states, although these regions have only half the estimated live births in India. Most maternal deaths were attributed to direct obstetric causes (82%). There was no difference in the major causes of maternal deaths between poorer and richer states. Two-thirds of women died seeking some form of healthcare, most seeking care in a critical medical condition. Rural areas of poorer states had proportionately lower access and utilization to healthcare services than the urban areas; however this rural-urban difference was not seen in richer states. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal mortality and poor access to healthcare is disproportionately higher in rural populations of the poorer states of India.
BACKGROUND: Data on cause-specific mortality, skilled birth attendance, and emergency obstetric care access are essential to plan maternity services. We present the distribution of India's 2001-2003 maternal mortality by cause and uptake of emergency obstetric care, in poorer and richer states. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The Registrar General of India surveyed all deaths occurring in 2001-2003 in 1.1 million nationally representative homes. Field staff interviewed household members about events that preceded the death. Two physicians independently assigned a cause of death. Narratives for all maternal deaths were coded for variables on healthcare uptake. Distribution of number of maternal deaths, cause-specific mortality and uptake of healthcare indicators were compared for poorer and richer states. There were 10,041 all-cause deaths in women age 15-49 years, of which 1096 (11.1%) were maternal deaths. Based on 2004-2006 SRS national MMR estimates of 254 deaths per 100,000 live births, we estimated rural areas of poorer states had the highest MMR (397, 95%CI 385-410) compared to the lowest MMR in urban areas of richer states (115, 95%CI 85-146). We estimated 69,400 maternal deaths in India in 2005. Three-quarters of maternal deaths were clustered in rural areas of poorer states, although these regions have only half the estimated live births in India. Most maternal deaths were attributed to direct obstetric causes (82%). There was no difference in the major causes of maternal deaths between poorer and richer states. Two-thirds of women died seeking some form of healthcare, most seeking care in a critical medical condition. Rural areas of poorer states had proportionately lower access and utilization to healthcare services than the urban areas; however this rural-urban difference was not seen in richer states. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal mortality and poor access to healthcare is disproportionately higher in rural populations of the poorer states of India.
Authors: Aluísio J D Barros; Carine Ronsmans; Henrik Axelson; Edilberto Loaiza; Andréa D Bertoldi; Giovanny V A França; Jennifer Bryce; J Ties Boerma; Cesar G Victora Journal: Lancet Date: 2012-03-31 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Linda A Bartlett; Shairose Mawji; Sara Whitehead; Chadd Crouse; Suraya Dalil; Denisa Ionete; Peter Salama Journal: Lancet Date: 2005 Mar 5-11 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Prabhat Jha; Binu Jacob; Vendhan Gajalakshmi; Prakash C Gupta; Neeraj Dhingra; Rajesh Kumar; Dhirendra N Sinha; Rajesh P Dikshit; Dillip K Parida; Rajeev Kamadod; Jillian Boreham; Richard Peto Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2008-02-13 Impact factor: 91.245