Integral proteomic analysis of blastocysts reveals key molecular machinery governing embryonic diapause and reactivation for implantation in mice.

Among nearly 100 mammalian species, implantation can be suspended at blastocyst stage for a certain time and reactivated under favorable conditions, a phenomenon known as embryonic diapause. Until now, the underlying molecular mechanism governing embryonic diapause and reactivation for implantation remained largely unknown. Here we conducted the first integral proteomic analysis of blastocysts from diapause to reactivation by using a physiologically relevant mouse delayed implantation model. More than 6000 dormant and reactivated blastocysts were used for the proteomic analysis. A total of 2255 proteins were detected. Various cellular and molecular processes, including protein translation, aerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, purine nucleotide biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and chromatin organization were identified as differentially regulated. In particular, we demonstrated a remarkable activation of mitochondria in blastocysts upon reactivation from dormancy, highlighting their essential physiological significance. Moreover, the activities of the endosome-lysosome system were prominently enhanced in the mural trophectoderm of reactivated blastocysts, accompanied by active phagocytosis at the fetal-maternal interface, suggesting a critical role in promoting trophoblast invasion. Collectively, we provided an integral proteomic view upon the regulatory network of blastocyst reactivation from diapause, which will help to better interpret the nature of embryonic diapause and reactivation in wild animals and to identify molecular indicators for selecting blastocysts with high implantation competency.