Multiple receptor tyrosine kinases converge on microRNA-134 to control KRAS, STAT5B, and glioblastoma.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are co-deregulated in a majority of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and most deadly brain tumor. We show that the RTKs MET, EGFR, and PDGFR regulate microRNA-134 (miR-134) in GBM. We find that miR-134 is downregulated in human tumors and cancer stem cells and that its expression inversely correlates with the activation of MET, EGFR, and PDGFR. We demonstrate that miR-134 inhibits cancer cell and stem-cell proliferation, survival, and xenograft growth, as well as cancer stem-cell self-renewal and stemness. We identify KRAS and STAT5B as targets of miR-134, and establish molecular and functional links between RTKs, miR-134, KRAS/STAT5B and malignancy in vitro and in vivo. We show that miR-134 induction is required for the anti-tumor effects of RTK inhibitors. We also uncover the molecular pathways through which RTKs regulate miR-134 expression and demonstrate the involvement of MAPK signaling and the KLF4 transcription factor. We therefore identify miR-134 as a novel RTK-regulated tumor-suppressive hub that mediates RTK and RTK-inhibitor effects on GBM malignancy by controlling KRAS and STAT5B.