Picosecond processes in chromatophores at various excitation intensities.

The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the results obtained by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy of bacterial chromatophores excited with picosecond pulses of varying power and intensity. It was inferred that spectral and kinetic characteristics depend essentially on the intensity, the repetition rate of the picosecond excitation pulses as well as on the optical density of the samples used. Taking the different experimental conditions properly into account, most of the discrepancies between the fluorescence and absorption measurements can be solved. At high pulse repetition rate (>10(6) Hz), even at moderate excitation intensities (10(10)-10(11) photons/cm(2) per pulse), relatively long-lived triplet states start accumulating in the system. These are efficient (as compared to the reaction centers) quenchers of mobile singlet excitations due to singlet-triplet annihilation. The singlet-triplet annihilation rate constant in Rhodospirillum rubrum was determined to be equal to 10(-9) cm(3) s(-1). At fluences >10(12) photons/cm(2) per pulse singlet-singlet annihilation must be taken into account. Furthermore, in the case of high pulse repetition rates, triplet-triplet annihilation must be considered as well. From an analysis of experimental data it was inferred that the singlet-singlet annihilation process is probably migration-limited. If this is the case, one has to conclude that the rate of excitation decay in light-harvesting antenna at low pumping intensities is limited by the efficiency of excitation trapping by the reaction center. The influence of annihilation processes on spectral changes is also discussed as is the potential of a local heating caused by annihilation processes. The manifestation of spectral inhomogeneity of light-harvesting antenna in picosecond fluorescence and absorption kinetics is analyzed.