Twinning and survivorship of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

Here we present the results of a demographic analysis of 25 y (1985 to 2010) of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) records from the New England Primate Research Center. Summaries of longevity and survivorship are analyzed by birth-type category (including singletons, twins, triplets, and quadruplets) and sex. In addition, a brief evolutionary review is presented. Surrogates of hematopoietic chimerism, twinning, and reproductive output are explored in a large number of animals to help decipher the potential effects of chimerism on life history in marmosets and tamarins. In addition to exploring chimerism through demographic data, multiple-birth frequency and survivorship are compared between species. New World primates can make ideal translational models for disease and behavioral research across multiple disciplines. A better understanding of their reproductive success and survivorship in captivity helps develop these nonhuman primate models, their role in aging research, and understanding of their behavioral ecology. This mission is likely to only increase in its importance to biomedical research due to both the sequencing of the marmoset genome and the growing demand for alternatives to Old World primate models.