BACKGROUND: Autophagy is a self-digestion system responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis and interacts with reactive oxygen species produced during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Melatonin (MLT) is a potent and endogenous anti-oxidant that has beneficial effects in liver I/R injury. In this study, we examined the cytoprotective mechanisms of MLT in liver I/R, focusing on autophagic flux and associated signaling pathways. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 70% liver ischemia for 60 min followed by reperfusion. MLT (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 15 min prior to ischemia and again immediately before reperfusion. Rapamycin (Rapa, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), which induces autophagy, was injected 1.5 h before ischemia. RESULTS: Liver I/R increased autophagic flux as indicated by the accumulation of LC3-II and degradation of sequestosome1/p62. This increase was attenuated by MLT. Likewise, electron microscopic analysis showed that autophagic vacuoles were increased in livers of mice exposed to I/R, which was attenuated by MLT. I/R decreased phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and 4E-BP1 and 70S6K, downstream molecules of the mTOR pathway, but increased expression of calpain 1 and calpain 2. MLT attenuated the decrease in mTOR, 4E-BP1 and 70S6K phosphorylation. Pretreatment of Rapa reversed the effect of MLT on autophagic flux as well as mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that MLT downregulates autophagy via activation of mTOR signaling, which may in turn contribute to its protective effects in liver I/R injury.
BACKGROUND: Autophagy is a self-digestion system responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis and interacts with reactive oxygen species produced during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Melatonin (MLT) is a potent and endogenous anti-oxidant that has beneficial effects in liver I/R injury. In this study, we examined the cytoprotective mechanisms of MLT in liver I/R, focusing on autophagic flux and associated signaling pathways. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 70% liver ischemia for 60 min followed by reperfusion. MLT (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 15 min prior to ischemia and again immediately before reperfusion. Rapamycin (Rapa, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), which induces autophagy, was injected 1.5 h before ischemia. RESULTS: Liver I/R increased autophagic flux as indicated by the accumulation of LC3-II and degradation of sequestosome1/p62. This increase was attenuated by MLT. Likewise, electron microscopic analysis showed that autophagic vacuoles were increased in livers of mice exposed to I/R, which was attenuated by MLT. I/R decreased phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and 4E-BP1 and 70S6K, downstream molecules of the mTOR pathway, but increased expression of calpain 1 and calpain 2. MLT attenuated the decrease in mTOR, 4E-BP1 and 70S6K phosphorylation. Pretreatment of Rapa reversed the effect of MLT on autophagic flux as well as mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that MLT downregulates autophagy via activation of mTOR signaling, which may in turn contribute to its protective effects in liver I/R injury.
Authors: Zeyuan Zhang; Qingwen Qian; Mark Li; Fan Shao; Wen-Xing Ding; Vitor A Lira; Sophia X Chen; Sara C Sebag; Gökhan S Hotamisligil; Huojun Cao; Ling Yang Journal: Autophagy Date: 2020-07-15 Impact factor: 16.016