Sedges in the mist: A new species of Lepidosperma (Cyperaceae, Schoeneae) from the mountains of Tasmania.

The status of a putative new species of Lepidosperma from the mountains of south-western Tasmania, Australia, was investigated. Phenetic analysis (Flexible UPGMA Agglomerative Hierarchical Fusion and semi-strong hybrid multidimensional scaling) was conducted on a database derived from morphological and anatomical characters scored from herbarium material, culm anatomy slides and scanning electron micrographs of fruit. The results of the analysis support the recognition of a new species, here described as Lepidosperma monticola G.T.Plunkett & J.J.Bruhl. The distribution, habitat and conservation status are discussed.

Introduction

Labill. (Cyperaceae) is a genus of c. 75 described species (Barrett and Wilson 2012) and up to 230 species based on current estimates of undescribed taxa (Barrett 2012). Australia is the centre of diversity for , which also occurs in southern China, South-east Asia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Species of often form important components in diverse habitats that include beach dunes, forest and woodland, sedgeland and alpine heath (Barrett 2013).

The present study was initiated following the inspection by GTP of several specimens that had been identified as F.Muell. ex Rodway. Eight of the specimens, collected in south-western Tasmania, appeared morphologically and ecologically distinct from the rest of the specimens, which were collected in the east of the state and attributable to sens. strict. We intuitively segregated them as a putative new species, referred to as sp. Eldon Bluff (A.M. Buchanan 9981). Subsequent plant collections in Tasmania and a visit to the Tasmanian Herbarium (HO) further strengthened our initial impression.

The aims of the study were (1) to determine the status and limits of this putative new entity and (2) to investigate its resemblance to morphologically similar named species of .

Materials and methods

Study material

A total of 25 specimens were used for the phenetic analysis (Table 1). K.L.Wilson & D.I. Morris, and F. Muell. were sampled on the basis of morphological similarity to sp. Eldon Bluff. Specimens recently collected in Tasmania and existing specimens from the N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium (NE) were used in the analysis. Specimens on loan from the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) and HO for a previous study (Hodgon et al. 2006) were also used, with permission.

Table 1.

Specimens of used in phenetic analysis. First three letters of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) code: cur = ; eld = sp. Eldon Bluff; ino = ; tor = . Localities are in Tasmania unless another State is specified.

OTU Code	Voucher
curBag01	Above Bagdad Rivulet, Pontville, A.J. North s.n., 8 October 1996, HO 322622 (HO)
curCon01	Conara, Midlands, J.J. Bruhl 3005 (NE)
curMac01	Macquarie River, 0.5 km SW of Long Marsh Dam, A. Moscal 8040 (HO)
curRos01	Roses Creek Road, Grampians, Victoria, A.C. Beauglehole 25084 (MEL)
eldCou01	Mt Counsel, South West, S.J. Jarman s.n., 12 March 1986, HO 411078 (HO)
eldEld01	Below Eldon Bluff, Central Highlands, A.M. Buchanan 9981 (HO)
eldFie01	Mt Field National Park, Tarn Shelf, G.T. Plunkett 99 (NE)
eldFie02	Mt Field National Park, Tarn Shelf, G.T. Plunkett 100 (NE)
eldMcC01	Mt McCall, West Coast, S.J. Jarman s.n., HO 411443 (HO)
eldPro01	Mt Propsting, South West, M.J. Brown 1365 (HO)
eldSpr01	Mt Sprent, South West, G.T. Plunkett 94a (NE)
eldSpr02	Mt Sprent, South West, G.T. Plunkett 96 (NE)
eldSpr03	Mt Sprent, South West, G.T. Plunkett 98 (NE)
inoBre01	Mills Marsh, Break-O-Day, East Coast, A. Moscal 6182 (NE)
inoGra01	Grasstree Hill, East Coast, A. Moscal 18031 (NE)
inoLen01	Lenah Valley, Midlands, D.A. Ratkowsky 1083 (NE)
inoUni01	University of Tasmania, G.T. Plunkett 112 (NE)
inoUni02	University of Tasmania, G.T. Plunkett 115 (NE)
torBaro02	Barokee Swamp, Cathedral Rock National Park, Northern Tablelands, NSW, J. Hodgon 415 (NE)
torBarT01	Barrington Tops National Park, Northern Tablelands, NSW, J.R. Hosking 3041 (NE)
torBla01	2 km W of Blackheath, Central Tablelands, NSW, V. Klaphake s.n., 1 January 1998, NE 808939 (NE)
torBoo01	Boonoo Boonoo State Forest, Northern Tablelands, NSW, J.J. Bruhl 2453 (NE)
torDem01	Demon Nature Reserve, Northern Tablelands, NSW, J.T. Hunter 5068 (NE)
torMul01	Surveyors Creek Fire Trail, from Mulligans Drive end, Gibraltar Range National Park, Northern Tablelands, NSW, J. Hodgon 391c (NE)
torWer01	Werrikimbe National Park, Northern Tablelands, NSW, S.J. Griffith s.n., 20 April 1993, NE 66428 (NE)

Anatomy

Hand-cut cross-sections of culms were made in 50% ethanol using half a double edged razor blade from pickled (70% ethanol) or rehydrated herbarium material. Sections were stained in 1% safranin in 50% ethanol for c. 15 min then washed in increasing concentrations of ethanol before staining in 0.5% fast green in 95% ethanol for three to seven minutes depending on size. Sections were then transferred to increasing concentrations of histolene before mounting on glass slides with Eukitt mountant.

Photosynthetic pathway was inferred from anatomy using the ‘maximum cell distance count’ criterion as applied to Cyperaceae (Bruhl et al. 1987; Bruhl and Wilson 2007).

Scanning electron microscopy

Where available, a single representative fruit in good condition was removed from each operational taxonomic unit (OTU). Additional fruit removed from non-OTU specimens PageBreakwere also used. Fruit were mounted onto an aluminium stub with double-sided carbon tabs and gold-coated using a JEOL MP-19020NCTR NeoCoater (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo). Images were captured with a JEOL JCM-5000 benchtop SEM (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo) at 10 kV. In total three fruit were imaged from , four from , seven from sp. Eldon Bluff and two from .

Characters

A character list was constructed primarily from that used by Hodgon (2001) and augmented by Barrett (2007a, b). Further characters were added based on differences among specimens observed by the authors. A total of 131 morphological and 22 anatomical characters were scored for each individual specimen (Appendix 1).

Morphological characters were scored from herbarium specimens with the aid of a Leica M8 stereomicroscope. Morphological dimensions were measured once per OTU, consistently using a steel rule, electronic callipers or the microscope eyepiece graticule for each character. Fruit and perianth characters were assessed under the stereomicroscope and from SEM images. Anatomical characters were scored from permanent double-stained slides viewed under a Zeiss Axiolab compound microscope.

Analysis

Data were organised using DELTA ver. 1.04 (Dallwitz 1980) and later transferred to PATN ver. 3.12 (Blatant Fabrications) for cluster and ordination analysis (Appendix 2). Characters with multiple states scored for several OTUs were converted to multiple binary characters. Univariate characters and those used only for descriptive purposes were removed prior to analysis, as were characters that had missing values for the majority of OTUs. All characters were weighted equally in the analysis. Phenograms were produced from classification analysis run using Flexible UPGMA Agglomerative Hierarchical Fusion (β = -0.1). Three-dimensional ordination plots of semi-strong hybrid multidimensional scaling (SSH MDS) were generated. Lowest stress in the ordination analysis was achieved with 400 random starts and 100 iterations. Principal component correlation (PCC) was used to determine the importance of characters in the ordination analysis.

Our species concept is consistent with that of de Queiroz (1998, 1999, 2007), which equates species with segments of separately evolving metapopulation lineages. Here we base the delimitation of species on phenetic distinguishability, ecological differentiation, and diagnosability. The presence of one of these properties provides evidence that a lineage is evolving separately and can be recognised as a species, and the presence of additional properties provides greater confidence (de Queiroz 2007). Operationally we use a morphological species concept combined with implicit use of the biological species concept (lack of gene flow and geographical separation) and an ecological species concept (most similar species occurring in distinctly different habitats).

In the phenetic analyses, our criteria for accepting the putative species as a distinct entity were: (1) the OTUs representing sp. Eldon Bluff should form discrete groups distinct from all other groups of OTUs in the analyses and (2) the OTUs within these groups should show an amount of dissimilarity comparable to that of the known species included in the analyses.

Results and discussion

Phenetic analysis

The phenogram produced from the cluster analysis (Figure 1) shows distinct clusters of OTUs that match the three described and one putative species. The levels of PageBreakdissimilarity within these four groups are comparable. Groups A and B in the phenogram contain individuals of and sp. Eldon Bluff, respectively. These groups are most similar to one another, as expected, though clearly distinct. The group shows the lowest dissimilarity among individuals, possibly because of the lower number of OTUs used for that species. Group C contains individuals of and shows low dissimilarity among individuals, again possibly related to the low number of OTUs used. Group D contains individuals of and displays the highest dissimilarity among individuals, reflecting the morphological variation sampled in this species.

Figure 1.

Phenogram produced from cluster analysis of three described and one putative species of (β = -0.1). Major groups: A (purple) B sp. Eldon Bluff (turquoise) C (pink) D (green-grey). See Table 1 for operational taxonomic unit codes, Appendix 1 for characters and Appendix 2 for data.

The ordination plot produced from SSH MDS (stress value 0.1535; Figure 2) recovered the same four groups as the phenogram. Individuals of PageBreak and respectively form the two most closely spaced groups, with individuals of forming the most distantly spaced group. Individuals of sp. Eldon Bluff form a distinct group that is close to the group containing .

Figure 2.

Three-dimensional ordination from semi-strong hybrid multidimenstional scaling of three described and one putative species of . (top left; pink); (top right; purple); sp. Eldon Bluff (bottom right; turquoise); (bottom left; green-grey). Ordination oriented to highlight separation of groups of operational taxonomic units. See Appendix 1 for characters and Appendix 2 for data.

The PCC values for the ordination analysis (Table 2) indicate that the most important characters were mostly vegetative and inflorescence morphology characters, with one fruit character and three anatomical characters.

Table 2.

Principal component correlation of characters and ordination vectors from semi-strong hybrid multidimensional scaling ordination of three described and one putative species of . Characters with a maximum correlation (r) higher than 0.7 are included. See Appendix 1 for characters and Appendix 2 for data.

No.	Character	X	Y	Z	r2
128	Fruit style cap indumentum	-0.718	0.3	0.628	0.845
9	Culm margin hairs: orientation	0.645	-0.12	-0.755	0.834
38	Leaf lamina margin hairs: orientation	0.407	-0.667	-0.624	0.767
2	Culm length	0.129	0.18	-0.975	0.765
17	Angle of ramet	-0.643	0.34	0.686	0.74
145	Culm pith: homogeneous or heterogeneous	0.086	0.007	0.996	0.734
72	Rachis: whether reflexed	0.058	-0.243	0.968	0.725
62	Involucral bract ligule: emarginate	-0.11	-0.064	-0.992	0.721
153	Culm sub-epidermal fibres: depth	0.854	-0.4	-0.334	0.709
58	Involucral bract sheath: indumentum	-0.208	-0.971	0.114	0.707
136	Culm vascular bundles: number of size classes	-0.146	-0.382	-0.913	0.701

The images obtained with SEM demonstrated clear differences between fruits of PageBreak sp. Eldon Bluff and its closest neighbour (Figure 3). The fruit of sp. Eldon Bluff is minutely but distinctly colliculate at its distal end (Figure 3D), while the fruit of is smooth distally (Figure 3B). The size and shape of the fruit and the size of the perianth varies between the two specimens shown here (Figure 3A, C), but no consistent differences were found in perianth size and morphology between the two taxa. Based on our observation of fruit from other species of ,the wrinkled fruit of shown here, although well-developed, is slightly immature and the wrinkling is not diagnostic (old fruits on the same collection in NSW were too fragile to image but still intact enough to see that the main body is only very faintly wrinkled). More mature fruits of suitable to image were not available. Fruits of and are also smooth distally (not shown here). Observations of additional fruit under the stereomicroscope were consistent with the SEM images.

Figure 3.

Scanning electron micrographs of fruit with perianth (A, C) and fruit apex (B, D). A, B (A. Moscal 18031) C, D sp. Eldon Bluff (G.T. Plunkett 100). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A, C), 0.1 mm (B, D).

Taxonomy

The results of the phenetic analysis provide strong support for the acceptance of  sp. Eldon Bluff as a distinct entity. In both the phenogram (Figure 1) and ordination (Figure 2) a discrete group is formed by OTUs representing sp. Eldon Bluff. This group shows a level of dissimilarity that is comparable to those of the known species of included in the analysis. The SEM images also show that sp. Eldon Bluff has distinctive fruit (Figure 3). This evidence provides strong support for the recognition of sp. Eldon Bluff as a separate species from . The ecological and geographic isolation of these two entities adds further support to this inference (Figure 4; Table 3). sp. Eldon Bluff is described below as sp. nov.

Figure 4.

Comparison of habitat and habit of and . A, B (G.T. Plunkett 112) at University of Tasmania campus, Hobart C, D (G.T. Plunkett 99, J.J. Bruhl & C.J. Prychid) at the type locality, Tarn Shelf, Mt Field National Park. Scale bars = 1 cm. Arrows indicate plants of (A) and (C).

Table 3.

Selected morphological and ecological attributes separating and . Ranges presented are absolute.

	Lepidosperma inops	Lepidosperma monticola sp. nov.
Morphological character^
Culm length to leaf length ratio	0.27–0.37	0.53–0.7
Involucral bract length	27–59 mm	9–25 mm
Fruit – distal surface	smooth	minutely colliculate
Angle of ramet (i.e. between outermost leaves)	9–15°	20–27°
Ecology
Habitat	Grassy woodland or sclerophyll forest	Alpine heath, herbfield, occasionally subalpine woodland †
Altitude	20–500 m	700–1170 m

^ Measurements from five specimens of and nine of , fruit observations from four and seven specimens respectively.

† The vegetation at Eldon Bluff  for A.M. Buchanan 9981 (HO) at 1080 m is described as “Open forest on dolerite talus.”

G.T.Plunkett & J.J.Bruhl sp. nov.

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77133478-1

http://species-id.net/wiki/Lepidosperma_monticola

Remarks.

is distinguished from in having a minutely colliculate fruit apex, its longest culms being greater than half the length of the leaves, and the angle between the outermost leaves of the ramets being 20° or greater.

Type.

AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Mt Field National Park, Tarn Shelf, c. 100 m N of Dobson Hut, 26 April 2012, G.T. Plunkett 99, J.J. Bruhl & C.J. Prychid; holotype: HO; isotype: AD, BOL, BRI, BRIP, CANB, CHR, GENT, K, MEL, MO, NE, NSW, NY, P, PERTH, PRE. (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Isotype (G.T. Plunkett 99 et al., NE) of G.T.Plunkett & J.J.Bruhl, sp. nov.

Short-rhizomatous perennial, forming dense clumps. Leaves markedly distichous, up to 8 cm long, innovations forming flat fans (ramets) with angle of 20–27° between outer leaves; lamina well-developed, isobilateral, shallowly biconvex, ± rigid, striate, to 65 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, margins glabrous or scabrous with prickle hairs antrorse; sheaths 10–25 mm long, pale yellow-brown to mid-brown, often with tinge of red-pink, not resinous, margin glabrous; ligule subulate to acute, glabrous. Culms shallowly biconvex or rhombic in cross-section, 30–55 mm high, 0.8–1.4 mm wide, 1/2–2/3 length of longest leaves, pale yellow-brown at base, margins glabrous or scabrous with prickle hairs antrorse. ‘maximum cell distance count’ >1, C3.Inflorescence obovate in outline, a reduced panicle of 1–3 spikelets, 7–12 mm long, 2.5–5(–10) mm wide; involucral bract equal to or up to twice as long as the inflorescence, 9–24.5 mm long, sheath pink-red to dark red-brown at least proximally; rachis not flexous or reflexed. Spikelets 5–6.5 mm long, 1–2 mm diameter, with single bisexual flower; prophylls acute or emarginate, puberulous. Glumes 4, all of similar length; lowest 2 sterile, mucronate, outer face scabrous, with raised midrib; fertile glumes c. 6 mm long, apex subulate, midrib indistinct, outer face puberulous, margins glabrous. 6(–8), acute to acuminate, glabrous, 0.8–1.6 mm long. Anthers c. 1.4 mm long excluding apiculus; apiculus 0.4 mm long, glabrous. Nut elliptical in outline, pale green to mid brown depending on maturity, with 3 discolorous and raised ribs, c. 3 mm long, 1.4–1.7 mm diameter; style cap truncate, minutely colliculate.

Distribution and habitat.

Restricted to the South West, Central Highlands, West Coast and Mt Field regions of Tasmania; in alpine heath, herbfields, open forest and moorland at altitudes greater than about 700 m (Figure 6). At Tarn Shelf (Figure 4) and Mt Sprent this species grows in skeletal humus over or amongst rock outcrops, in epacrid–Proteaceae–Myrtaceae heath or sedgeland.

Figure 6.

Distribution of (solid black triangles) and (solid black circles) from herbarium specimen data. Cities indicated by open circles. All specimens seen by G.T. Plunkett (see Appendix 3 for vouchers).

Conservation status.

On the basis of our current knowledge, this species would not warrant listing under either the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red PageBreakPageBreakPageBreakList (IUCN 2012), Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 or Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. All populations known from herbarium material occur within National Parks, Regional Reserves or Conservation Areas.

Derivation of epithet.

Named from the Latin mons,montis (mountain) and -cola (dweller), referring to the distribution of this species on the mountains of Central and South Western Tasmania.

Selected specimens examined.

AUSTRALIA. Tasmania: Central Highlands: 3 km SE of Pyramid Mountain, 1100 m, 14 Feb. 1983, PageBreakA. Moscal 1776 (HO); Cradle plateau, 880 m, 7 Mar. 1949, W.M. Curtis s.n. (HO); High Dome, 24 Feb. 1994, J.B. Kirkpatrick s.n. (HO); Sticht Range, 20 km S of Tullah, 920 m, 16 Apr. 1990, P.A. Collier 4678 (HO). Mt Field: Shelf above University Hut, Lake Dobson, 1120 m, 1 Jan. 1949, W.M. Curtis s.n. (HO). South West: Elliot Range, summit, 900 m, 15 Jan. 1985, S.J. Jarman s.n. (HO, MEL, NSW); Mt Rugby, 1120 m, 16 Feb. 1978, S.J. Jarman s.n. (HO). West Coast: Mt Darwin, 1100 m, 8 Mar 1974, D.A. Ratkowsky s.n. (HO); Mt Dundas, summit, 860 m, 1 Mar. 1894, L. Rodway s.n. (HO); Range extending S to SE from Mt Curly, 5 Feb. 1985, S.J. Jarman 263 (HO).

Phenology.

Flowers November to February. Fruits December to April.

Dataset of species from DELTA file. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) code in first column. Characters marked with * not included in phenetic analysis. See Table 1 for OTU details and Appendix 1 for character list.

Character	curBag01	curCon01	curMac01	curRos01	eldCou01	eldEld01	eldFie01	eldFie02	eldMcC01	eldPro01	eldSpr01	eldSpr02	eldSpr03	inoBre01	inoGra01	inoLen01	inoUni01	inoUni02	torBaro02	torBarT01	torBla01	torBoo01	torDem01	torMul01	torWer01
1*	2	1/2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
2	99	116	93	185	31	43	51	35	48	41	51	55	39	49	17.5	45	45	56	341	233	423	350	319	343	502
3	1.23	1.34	1.21	1.21	1.18	1.23	0.8	0.81	0.97	1.3	1.4	1.24	1.31	0.74	0.83	1.02	0.72	0.67	1.44	0.83	0.82	1.55	1.21	1.07	0.82
4	0.39	0.41	0.72	0.65	0.36	0.44	0.36	0.39	0.46	0.27	0.51	0.28	0.39	0.42	0.47	0.41	0.35	0.38	0.62	0.61	0.6	0.77	0.55	0.45	0.66
5	3.15	3.27	1.68	1.86	3.28	2.8	2.22	2.08	2.11	4.81	2.75	4.43	3.36	1.76	1.77	2.49	2.06	1.76	2.32	1.36	1.37	2.01	2.2	2.38	1.24
6*	2	1	2	1/2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1/2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
7*	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1/2	2	1/2	1/2	1/2	2	2
8	2	2	2	2	2	1&2	1&2	1/2	2	2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1	1	1/2	1/2	1/2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1/2
9	3	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1			1	1	1	3	3	1/3	1	3	3	3
10	2		2	2	2	2	1	1/2	1/2	1/2	2	1/2	2			2	1	2	2	1/2	1	1	2	2	1/2
11*	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2			2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
12	3	3	3	2& 3/5	3	3	2/4	1/3	3	3	3	2/3	2/3			2	1	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
13	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	1	2	1	1	1	1	1
14*	3/5	3	3/5	3/5	2/3	3/4	3/5	3	2/4	1/3-4	3	3	3	3	3	3/5-7	3	3	3	7-11-13	11/12	3	2/3/5	3/5	3/12
15	0.36	0.47	0.54	0.82	0.56	0.59	0.58	0.7	0.66	0.53	0.57	0.69	0.6	0.35	0.27	0.34	0.37	0.31	1.45	1.16	3.38	1.66	1.29	1.66	1.56
16*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
17	10	10	15	6	22	20	20	20	23	24	26	27	25	12	15	15	15	9	7	5	5	8	5	6	7
18	272	246	173	225	55	73	88	50	73	77	79	80	65	139	65	133	121	181	235	227	125	211	247	207	321
19	40	34	25	26	16	22	25	12	14	23.5	22	22	12	29	15	30	19.5	36.5	35	26	50	25	23	20	31
20	3/5	4/7	3/5	4/5	3/4-5/12	3/12	1/3-4/5-12	3/5-12	3/4-5/7-12	5/7-12	3/5-7/12	3/5-7/12	2/3-4/5-7/11	3/5	4/5-7	4/5-7	3/5-7	1/5-7	3/4-5/7	2/4-5/7-12	8/11<br/> /12	3/4-5	3/4	3/4-5	3/7-11/12
21	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1/2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
22*	1/2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
23*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
24*		1			1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1				1	1
25	4/6	4/5	4/6	3/4	2/3	1/2	2	3	2	1/2	2/3	2	2	2	2/3	2/3	1	1	6	6	6	4/6	8	6	6
26*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
27*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
28*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
29	232	212	148	199	39	51	63	38	59	63.5	68	58	53	110	50	103	101.5	144.5	200	201	75	86	224	187	279
30	1.4	1.43	1.76	1.18	1.15	1.24	1.15	0.99	1.01	1.31	1.55	1.44	1.46	0.71	1.06	0.95	0.88	1.2	1	0.63	0.63	1.32	1.39	1.22	0.77
31	0.4	0.4	0.52	0.49	0.32	0.32	0.31	0.35	0.21	0.29	0.48	0.29	0.3	0.19	0.22	0.34	0.18	0.22	0.33	0.36	0.39	0.44	0.34	0.31	0.5
32	3.5	3.57	3.38	2.41	3.59	3.87	3.71	2.83	4.81	4.52	3.23	4.97	4.87	3.74	4.82	2.79	4.89	5.45	3.03	1.75	1.62	3	4.09	3.94	1.54
33*	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
34	2/3	2/3	3	3	2/3	3	2/3	3	3	2/3	2/3	2/3	2/3	3	3	3	3	3	2/3	2/3	3	2	2/3	2/3	3
35*	2	1	2	1/2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1/2	1	1	1	1	1/2	1	1	1	1/2	1	1	1	1	1
36	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1/2	1	1	1	1/2
37	2	2	2	2	1/2	2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2-4	1/2	2	1/2	1/2	2	2	2	2	1/2
38	1/3	3	1/3	3	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	3	3	1	1/3	3	1/3	1
39	2	2	1	2	1	1/2	1	1	1/2		1/2	1/2	2	2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1	2	1/2	1	1	2	1/2	1
40*	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2		2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
41	3	3	3	3	1/2	2/3	2/3	1/2	1/2	1	1/2/6	1/6	2/3	7	7	7	1		3	3	1	3	3	3	3
42	5.8	6.24	5.92	7.65	2.44	2.32	2.52	3.17	4.21	2.28	3.09	2.64	4.42	3.79	3.33	3.43	5.21	3.96	5.71	7.73	1.5	3.44	9.74	9.35	6.64
43	9	2/3/<br/> 8/9	6/9	2/8	10	10	2	2	10	10	1/2	2/10	1/2	3	3	3	3	3	2/5	1/8	2/5/8	1/5	2/8	2	1/12
44	2	2	2	2	2	2	1/2	1	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2	2	1/2	1/2	1/2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
45	30	29	30	35	7	9.5	12	9	10	10.5	8.5	8.5	9	10	5.5	12	11	7.7	12	9	12	11	7.5	11	11
46	10	7	8	13	3.5	2.5	5	3	10	5	2.5	4	5.5	3.5	4	7	3.5	4.4	12	12	9	8	10	11.5	10.5
47	7	8	7	7	2	3	2	1	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2/3	2	3	3	3	4	4	4	3	5
48	8	8	10.5	9.5	1		3.5		2.5	2	2.5	2	2.5	4.5	2	6.5	5.5	2	4	2	7	4	2.5	3	3
49*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
50	1/2	1/2	1/2	1/2															2		1	2	2		2
51	16	16	15	22	6.5	5	7		8	8.5	7.5	5	6.5	6	5	7.5	6	6.1	12.5	9	12	11	9.5	11	11
52	16	16	15	22	6.5	5	7		8	8.5	7.5	5	6.5	6	5	7.5	6	6.1	12.5	9	12	11	9.5	11	11
53	4	2.5	3	5	1.5	1	2		2	1.5	1	1.5	2	1.5	2	4	2	1.5	7.5	3	7	8	5	2.5	7
54	19	2.5	21.5	22	9	12	20.5	13	10.5	24.5	12	9.5	10.5	52	27	59	49	41	13	9.5	28	11	8	9.5	10
55	0.63	31	0.72	0.63	1.29	1.26	1.71	1.44	1.05	2.33	1.41	1.12	1.17	5.2	4.91	4.92	4.45	5.32	1.08	1.06	2.33	1	1.07	0.86	0.91
56	10	1.07	10.5	10	5	5.5	7.5	7	5.5	8	7	5.5	5.5	10	6.5	9	7.5	5.5	3	2	4	4	2	2.5	2.5
57	5/7-16	5	5/7	5/7-8	7/11<br/> /13	5/7-11	5/7-8	5/7-8/9-11	7/8-11/13	5/7-8/12	5/7	7/8	7/8	2	1/3-4	3/5-7	3/4-5	1/3-5/7	4/7-11	7/11	11/13	3/7-8/12	7/8	7/8	8/11
58	2	2	2	2/3	2	2	1	1	2	1/2	1	1	1	2	1	2/3	2	2	1	2	1	3	2	2	1
59	2	2	1/2	1/2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
60	2	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1/2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1
61*	1	1	1	1	1		1	1		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
62	3/4	4	5	2/3	1	1	1	2		1	1	1	2	2	2	2	1	1	5	5	5	5	5	5/8	5
63		2	2		1	1	1	1		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
64	0.9	2.44	1.05	1.2	0.8	1.18	0.52	0.57	0.91	2.06	1.4	0.73	0.91	4.2	3.15	5.56	5.53	6.45	3.33	3.75	6	2.25	3	0.74	3
65*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
66	9	22	11	10	4	6.5	13	6	5	16.5	5	4	5	42	20.5	50	41.5	35.5	10	7.2	24	9	6	7	7.5
67	0.88	1.04	0.75	1.1	0.72	0.65	0.89	0.56	0.61	1.24	0.43	0.74	0.74	0.85	1	1.11	0.65	0.82	0.97	0.72	0.73	0.95	0.68	0.51	0.51
68	2/3	2/3	2/3	2/3	2/10	10	10	2	10	2/10	2/10	2	2/10	2	2	2	2	2	2	1/2/3	2	2	2	2/3	2
69	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1/2	2/3	2	2	1/2	2	2	2/3	2	2	1/2
70	4	2/4	4		5	5/7	2	7	5/6/7	4	7	7	7	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	3/4	3/4	4	4	5/3
71*	2	2	2	2	2	2	2		2	2				2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	2	1/2	1/2
72	2	2	2	2	2	2	2		2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
73	3	4	3	3	4	3	4		3/4	3/4				3/4	2/4	4	4	4	3	1		3	3	3/4	3/4
74	3	3	3	3	3	3	1		3	1				3	2	1	1	3	1	1	3	3	1	1	1
75	1	1	1	1	1/2	3	1		1	1				1	1	1	1	1	1	1		1	1	1	1
76	3	3	3	3	3/4	3	3		3/4	3				3	3	3	3	3	2	3		3/4	2/3	3	3
77*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1				1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
78	4	5	4	6	1	1	1	1	1	1		1		1	1/2	1	1	1	3	1	3	3	2	1	4
79	6.5	6	3.6	6.3	6.5	5	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.5		5		5.4	4.8	4.5	5.3	5.6	7.8	6	5.3	6.8	6.8	6.1	6.7
80	1.6	1.2	1.6	1.7	1.5	1	2	2	1.6	1.7		1.5		1.3	2.3	2	2	1.5	2.6	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.6	1.35	1.4
81*	1		1	1						1				2	1/2	1	1		8		7/8	7	1	8	8
82*	1		1	1						1				2	1	1	1		2		1	1	1	1	1
83*	1		1	1						1				2	2		1		1		1	1	1	1	1
84*	2		3	2						2				2	1	1	1		1		2	2	1	1/2	1/2
85*	3		3	3						1				2	3	1	2		1		3	3	1	1	1/2
86*	2		3	3						2				3	3	3	3		1		3		2	3	5
87*	1		3	2						1				1	1	2	2		1		1		2	2	3
88*	3		2	2						2				2/3	2	2	3		2		4	3	2	3	2
89*	2		2	2						2				2	2	2	2		2		1	1	2	2	2
90*	1		1	1						2				1	1	1	2		1		1	1	1	1	2
91*	2		2	3						3				2	2	3	1		2		3	3	1/2	3	2
92*	2		2	4						4				2	2	4	2		2		4	4	1/2	4	2
93*	1		2	3						1				1	1	1	1		1		1	1	1	1	1
94*	3		3	3						1				3	3	3	2		1/2		3	3	1	3	2
95*	1		1	2						0				1	2	3	0		1		1	1	1	2	0
96*	1		3	2						1				1	1	2	2		1		1		1	1	1
97*	1		3	2						1				1	1	2	2		2		1		2	2	3
98*	3.7		3.4	5.4						5.7				3.7	4.8	3.1	2.5		6		4.4		5	4.4	5.05
99*	0.9		0.6	0.5						1				0.8	1.25	0.9	4		1.1		0.9		0.9	0.6	0.8
100*	1		3	2						1				1	2	2	2		2		1		2	2	3
101*			3	3						3				3		3	3		3				3	3	3
102*			0.9	1.6						1.4				1.5	1.15				1.7		1.8
103*			0.35	0.3						3.5				0.2	0.25				0.3		0.2
104*			0.3	0.5						0.4				0.45	0.2				0.2		0.2
105*			2	1						1				2	1						1/2
106*			3	3			3							3	3	3								3	3
107	6/7	6	6	7		6	8	6	6		8	6	6		6				6	6		6	6		6
108*	1	1	1	1		1	1	1/2	1		1	1	1		1/2				1	1/2		2	1		1/2
109*	3/4	2	2/3	3		3/4	2/3	3	3		3	3	2/3		2/3				3/4	3		3/4-5	3		2/3
110*	1/2	1	1/2	1		1	1	1	1		1	1	1		1					1		1
111*	1		1
112	0.4	0.2	0.05	0.3		0.1	0.4	0.3	0.3		0.1	0.3	0.1		0.2				0.2	0.2		0.1	0.35		0.4
113	1.1	0.8	1.05	1.3		1.1	1.6	0.8	1.5		1.1	1.5	0.9		0.8				0.9	0.8		0.9	0.6		1.2
114	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4		0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5		0.6	0.4	0.8		0.5				0.35	0.5		5.5	0.3		0.5
115*	1	2	1	1/2		1/2	1	1/2	2		1	2	1		2				2	1		1	2
116	3.6	3	2.65	3.1		3	3.4	3.1	2.95		3.05	3.1	3.15		2.7				2.8	2.5		2.8	2.6		2.8
117	3.2	2.8	2.6	2.8		2.9	3	2.8	2.65		2.95	2.8	3.05		2.5				2.6	2.3		2.7	2		2.6
118	1.5	1.6	1.35	1.7		1.65	1.7	1.6	1.4		1.5	1.45	1.7		1.4				1.45	1.5		1.5	1.4		1.45
119*	4	4	4	5		4	4	4	4		4	4/5	4		4				2/4	4		4	4		4
120	1	1	1	1		1	2	1	1		1	2	2		1				1	1		1	1		1
121	1	1/2	1	1		1	2	2	1		2	1	2		1				1	1		1	1		1
122*	3/5	3/5	5	5		1/3	5	3/5	2		6	2	7/8		3				3	3/5		3	3/5		3/4
123*	1/3	2/7-9	9	7/9		3/9	9	9/10	4		3	2/7	10		7				1/7	3		3	1		3/9
124*	2	2	2	2		2	2	2	2		2	2	2		1				1	2		2	2		1/2
125	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.4		0.3	0.25	0.6	0.2		0.2	0.3	3		0.4				0.4	0.3		0.3	0.3		0.4
126*	1	1	2	1		1	1	1	1		1	1	1						1/2	3		1/3			1
127*	10	5/9	7	7		5/10	8	10/12	2/5		10/12	7/9	12						11	7		5			6
128	1	1	1			4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4		1				1	1		1	1		1
129*	1	1	1			1	1	1	1		1	1	1		1				2	1		1	1		1
130	0.1	0.05	0.05			0.1	0.2	0.2	0.13		0.2	0.1	1.5		0.05					0.1		0.1	0.1		0.1
131	0.1	0.1	0.15			0.15	0.2	0.2	0.2		0.2	0.2	2		0.1					0.15		0.1	0.1		0.15
132	10/11	10	11	11	13	6	13	13	13	13	13	10	10/13	14	9/14	10	9/12	2/9	13	16	15	4	15	15	16
133	3/4	4	3/4	2/3	1&3	1&3	1/3	1/4	1&4	1&4	2/3	2/3	2/3	1		1			3/1	2&4	1&2	3&4	3	4	1/2
134*	2	1/2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2		2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
135	32	38	29	23	13	13	10	10	10	10	11	12	15	13	11	9	10	12	26	17	18	31	21	2	19
136	3	2	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	3	3	3
137*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
138	1	1	1	2	2	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	2	1	2		2
139	1	1	1	1	1	1	1		1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
140*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1
141	1	1	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
142*	2	2	2	2	2	2	2		2	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
143*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
144*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
145	2	2	1	2	2	2	2		2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
146	1	1		2	1	1	1		1	1	1	1	1				1	1
147	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	1	1
148	1	1	2/3	1/2	3	2	1/2	2	3	3	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1/2	1	2	2	1	2
149	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	2			1	1	1	1	1	1	1
150*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1					1	1	1	1	1	1	1
151	2	2	2	2	2/3	2/3	2	2	3	2/3	2	2/3	2	2					2	2	2	2	2	2	2
152	8	7	7.2	7.8	7.8	5.8	6.6	9	5.6	6	7	7.2	5.4	8.2	6.2	6.8	17	8	7.8	5.8	8.2	7	7.4	5.8	8
153	12.8	14	10.8	12.6	6.2	4.8	3.4	3.2	5	4.4	4.6	4.6	5	8	12.2	5.4	3.8	6	7.2	5.6	9.8	9.2	8.8	7.6	9.6