Progesterone is critical for the development of mouse embryos.

Infertility affects approximately 10-15 % of reproductive-aged couples, and embryo loss due to preimplantation death is common to many mammals. Previous studies showed that a complex series of interactive molecular events are associated with this process, especially hormones (progesterone and estrogens) and growth factors, and are important for the cleavage and differentiation of the blastocysts. Yet, the mechanism of preimplantation embryo development is unclear. Using conditional knockout mice (CKO), we showed the development of blastocyst is tightly controlled by the level of progesterone (P4); furthermore, we found that the time when P4 should increase is also crucial for the formation of blastocysts. In CKO mice whose Lrh1 (liver receptor homolog 1) is deleted under the expression of Cre recombinase driven by progesterone receptor promoter, which reduced P4 synthesis, few of their embryos can reach blastocyst stage. When these CKO mice were supplied with P4 in the afternoon of dpc 1 (day post copulation), most of the embryos can form blastocysts; when CKO mice were supplied with P4 from the morning of dpc1, one-third of the embryos can reach blastocyst stage; however, the supplement of P4 in the morning of dpc 2 made very few of the embryos become blastocysts. We conclude that early exposure to P4 is essential for timely progression of early embryogenesis in the mouse.