M Okwen1, S Lewallen2, P Courtright3. 1. Department of Ophthalmology, KCM College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania. 2. Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, PO Box 2254, Moshi, Tanzania. 3. Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, PO Box 2254, Moshi, Tanzania. Electronic address: pcourtright@kcco.net.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Primary health care in Tanzania is provided at two types of health units, the dispensary and the health centre. Theoretically, primary health workers (with knowledge of primary eye care [PEC]) are ideally placed to identify people in need of eye care services. In Tanzania, they are expected to be able to identify, treat, or correctly refer a number of eye conditions including cataract, trauma, presbyopia, and the 'red eye'. They are also expected to be able to measure visual acuity correctly and to educate the community about prevention. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine the effect of enhanced supervision of health workers on PEC knowledge and skills in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. STUDY DESIGN: This was a quasi-experimental, cluster randomized intervention study of an enhanced supervisory method compared to a routine supervisory method; 36 dispensaries were randomly allocated into the two groups. PARTICIPANTS: Health workers based at government dispensaries in Mwanga District. DATA COLLECTION: Participants were interviewed pre and post intervention and the information was recorded using a standardized pretested questionnaire. RESULTS:Mean scores of knowledge in healthcare workers was higher in the intervention group (score = 6.43, 80.4% improvement) compared to the non-intervention group (score = 4.71, 58.9% improvement). The ability to describe and demonstrate vision testing was better (score = 1.8) in the enhanced supervision group compared to the routine supervision group (score = 0.88, P = 0.03). There was a high level of attrition (24%) within one year from the time of baseline survey, especially amongst clinical officers (44%). CONCLUSION: During the pilot study, enhanced supervision improved PEC knowledge and skills of health workers compared to health workers with routine supervision. RECOMMENDATIONS: Training in PEC needs revision to become more practicum-based. There is need to revise supervision guidelines (to be skills-based) and the supervision skills of district eye coordinators (DECs) need to be enhanced. There is a huge need to improve governance (accountability and rule of law) of health staff.
RCT Entities:
INTRODUCTION: Primary health care in Tanzania is provided at two types of health units, the dispensary and the health centre. Theoretically, primary health workers (with knowledge of primary eye care [PEC]) are ideally placed to identify people in need of eye care services. In Tanzania, they are expected to be able to identify, treat, or correctly refer a number of eye conditions including cataract, trauma, presbyopia, and the 'red eye'. They are also expected to be able to measure visual acuity correctly and to educate the community about prevention. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine the effect of enhanced supervision of health workers on PEC knowledge and skills in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. STUDY DESIGN: This was a quasi-experimental, cluster randomized intervention study of an enhanced supervisory method compared to a routine supervisory method; 36 dispensaries were randomly allocated into the two groups. PARTICIPANTS: Health workers based at government dispensaries in Mwanga District. DATA COLLECTION: Participants were interviewed pre and post intervention and the information was recorded using a standardized pretested questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean scores of knowledge in healthcare workers was higher in the intervention group (score = 6.43, 80.4% improvement) compared to the non-intervention group (score = 4.71, 58.9% improvement). The ability to describe and demonstrate vision testing was better (score = 1.8) in the enhanced supervision group compared to the routine supervision group (score = 0.88, P = 0.03). There was a high level of attrition (24%) within one year from the time of baseline survey, especially amongst clinical officers (44%). CONCLUSION: During the pilot study, enhanced supervision improved PEC knowledge and skills of health workers compared to health workers with routine supervision. RECOMMENDATIONS: Training in PEC needs revision to become more practicum-based. There is need to revise supervision guidelines (to be skills-based) and the supervision skills of district eye coordinators (DECs) need to be enhanced. There is a huge need to improve governance (accountability and rule of law) of health staff.
Authors: Ashwin Vasan; David C Mabey; Simran Chaudhri; Helen-Ann Brown Epstein; Stephen D Lawn Journal: Health Policy Plan Date: 2017-04-01 Impact factor: 3.344
Authors: Rivka R Lilian; Jean Railton; Erik Schaftenaar; Moyahabo Mabitsi; Cornelis J Grobbelaar; N Sellina Khosa; Babra H Maluleke; Helen E Struthers; James A McIntyre; Remco P H Peters Journal: PLoS One Date: 2018-05-14 Impact factor: 3.240