Novel therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered as an autoimmune disorder of the CNS with neuro-inflammatory and neurodegenerative components. We review here the innovative drugs recently registered and those in clinical development for MS. Immunomodulation has been the preferred therapeutic approach for MS since the first IFN-β was registered in the 1990s. Several immunomodulators are now available, which show a high efficacy in reducing the number of relapses in patients with the relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS). The high efficacy of most immunomodulators is, however, associated with substantial safety risks, notably concerning infections or cancers. Recently oral drugs have been approved for RRMS; however, biologics, and notably, monoclonal antibodies are still well represented in the development pipelines. An unmet medical need remains the treatment of the primary and secondary forms of MS or chronic progressive MS (CPMS). Half a dozen immunomodulators with proven efficacy in RRMS are now undergoing evaluation in Phase III trials in the CPMS indication. Neuroprotective drugs that prevent demyelination and/or improve remyelination would be interesting for CPMS, but these drugs are currently in the early development phase and their efficacy has not been demonstrated yet.