Katrin Zessel1, Siegrun Mohring2, Gerd Hamscher3, Manfred Kietzmann4, Jessica Stahl5. 1. Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: katrin.zessel@gmx.de. 2. Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: siegrun.mohring@lcb.Chemie.uni-giessen.de. 3. Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: gerd.hamscher@lcb.Chemie.uni-giessen.de. 4. Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: manfred.kietzmann@tiho-hannover.de. 5. Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: jessica.stahl@tiho-hannover.de.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study assessed the photochemical fate of nine sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole and sulfadimethoxine) during a 6h irradiation period with UVA/UVB-light and UVA-light and over 7 days under natural (sunlight) conditions. The cell growth inhibition effect and cytotoxicity of sulfonamides and their photodegradation products was investigated over 24 and 48 h with murine fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Antibacterial activity of the degradation products was studied using the Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. Calidolactis C953 assay. RESULTS: UVA/UVB treatment of several sulfonamide solutions results in degradation of the compounds in different amounts with the highest degradation rate for sulfathiazole and sulfanilamide. The UVA/UVB light degradation products exhibit no antimicrobial activity. Sun light exposure over 7 days reveals a similar degradation pattern of the different sulfonamides, albeit to a different extent. Compared with UVA/UVB-irradiation, UVA-irradiated sulfonamides degrade to a lesser extent (except sulfamethazine). There was no impact on cell toxicity of the UVA/UVB-degrading products except for sulfanilamide, while a slight impact on cell proliferation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: All studied sulfonamides undergo photodegradation under UV-light exposure to a greater or lesser extent. The degradation products have no cytotoxic potential except sulfanilamide and have a slight impact on cell proliferation. All degradation products showed no antibacterial activity. Thus, UV-light exposure seems to represent an adequate method for inactivating sulfonamides with regard to their antimicrobial activity.
BACKGROUND: This study assessed the photochemical fate of nine sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole and sulfadimethoxine) during a 6h irradiation period with UVA/UVB-light and UVA-light and over 7 days under natural (sunlight) conditions. The cell growth inhibition effect and cytotoxicity of sulfonamides and their photodegradation products was investigated over 24 and 48 h with murine fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Antibacterial activity of the degradation products was studied using the Geobacillus stearothermophilus var. Calidolactis C953 assay. RESULTS: UVA/UVB treatment of several sulfonamide solutions results in degradation of the compounds in different amounts with the highest degradation rate for sulfathiazole and sulfanilamide. The UVA/UVB light degradation products exhibit no antimicrobial activity. Sun light exposure over 7 days reveals a similar degradation pattern of the different sulfonamides, albeit to a different extent. Compared with UVA/UVB-irradiation, UVA-irradiated sulfonamides degrade to a lesser extent (except sulfamethazine). There was no impact on cell toxicity of the UVA/UVB-degrading products except for sulfanilamide, while a slight impact on cell proliferation was observed. CONCLUSIONS: All studied sulfonamides undergo photodegradation under UV-light exposure to a greater or lesser extent. The degradation products have no cytotoxic potential except sulfanilamide and have a slight impact on cell proliferation. All degradation products showed no antibacterial activity. Thus, UV-light exposure seems to represent an adequate method for inactivating sulfonamides with regard to their antimicrobial activity.
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