Developing a measure of student deviance: A research note.

University students are expected to defer to the authority of the formal rules of a university and to any symbols of that authority. A student engaging in open confrontation of the authority structure is violating the norms of the student role. While there are many measures of student support for protest, existing measures are inappropriate as generalized measures of deviance in the student role. This research develops two measures: Attitudinal Support for Confrontation (ASC) and Behavioral Support for Confrontation (BSC). Results of tests of reliability, convergent validity, and theoretical relevance show that (1) responses are internally consistent; (2) both measures tap a confrontation continuum; (3) descriptive characteristics of ASC supporters are comparable to other attitudinal protest measures; and (4) there are differences between behavioral and attitudinal support patterns.