Christina L Goldstein1, Ish Bains2, R John Hurlbert2. 1. Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Spine Program, Foothills Medical Centre, 12th Floor, Room 1250, 1403 29th St NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada. Electronic address: drcgoldstein@gmail.com. 2. Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Spine Program, Foothills Medical Centre, 12th Floor, Room 1250, 1403 29th St NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The true incidence of symptomatic spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) after surgery of the posterior cervical spine and risk factors for its development remain unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the 10-year incidence of symptomatic postoperative SEH and identify risk factors for its development. STUDY DESIGN/ SETTING: This study is a retrospective observational study at a Canadian tertiary care spine center. PATIENT SAMPLE: The study sample includes adult patients undergoing posterior surgery of the cervical spine. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were the incidence of symptomatic postoperative SEH and risk factors for its development. METHODS: Surgical procedure codes were used to identify study candidates. Using a standard data collection form, two independent reviewers manually searched paper and electronic medical records to extract patient-, treatment-, and complication-related data. Time to presentation, clinical findings, method of treatment, and intraoperative findings (when relevant) were recorded for patients with an SEH. The overall incidence of symptomatic SEH was calculated, and the categorical and continuous variables were summarized with percentages and means, respectively. Stepwise forward selection logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for the development of symptomatic SEH. RESULTS: From January 2002 to December 2011, 529 patients (356 men and 173 women; mean age, 56.7 years) were identified for study inclusion. The mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was 0.65 (range, 0-8). Myelopathy was the most common surgical indication (n=293; 55.4%), with the largest subset of patients undergoing decompression with or without instrumented fusion (n=266; 50.3%). Symptomatic postoperative SEH was diagnosed in eight patients for an overall incidence of 1.5%. Postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and an increased CCI were identified as significant predictors of the development of a symptomatic SEH in our study cohort (p=.024 and .003, respectively). When all other variables remained constant, a 1-point increase in CCI was associated with 1.6 times higher odds of hematoma development, whereas postoperative NSAID use increased the odds 6.6 times. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic SEH may occur in up to 1.5% of patients undergoing posterior cervical spine surgery. Patients with a higher level of comorbid disease appear to be at increased risk of development of a symptomatic SEH, although avoidance of postoperative NSAIDs may decrease the risk of its development.
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The true incidence of symptomatic spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) after surgery of the posterior cervical spine and risk factors for its development remain unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the 10-year incidence of symptomatic postoperative SEH and identify risk factors for its development. STUDY DESIGN/ SETTING: This study is a retrospective observational study at a Canadian tertiary care spine center. PATIENT SAMPLE: The study sample includes adult patients undergoing posterior surgery of the cervical spine. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were the incidence of symptomatic postoperative SEH and risk factors for its development. METHODS: Surgical procedure codes were used to identify study candidates. Using a standard data collection form, two independent reviewers manually searched paper and electronic medical records to extract patient-, treatment-, and complication-related data. Time to presentation, clinical findings, method of treatment, and intraoperative findings (when relevant) were recorded for patients with an SEH. The overall incidence of symptomatic SEH was calculated, and the categorical and continuous variables were summarized with percentages and means, respectively. Stepwise forward selection logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for the development of symptomatic SEH. RESULTS: From January 2002 to December 2011, 529 patients (356 men and 173 women; mean age, 56.7 years) were identified for study inclusion. The mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was 0.65 (range, 0-8). Myelopathy was the most common surgical indication (n=293; 55.4%), with the largest subset of patients undergoing decompression with or without instrumented fusion (n=266; 50.3%). Symptomatic postoperative SEH was diagnosed in eight patients for an overall incidence of 1.5%. Postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and an increased CCI were identified as significant predictors of the development of a symptomatic SEH in our study cohort (p=.024 and .003, respectively). When all other variables remained constant, a 1-point increase in CCI was associated with 1.6 times higher odds of hematoma development, whereas postoperative NSAID use increased the odds 6.6 times. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic SEH may occur in up to 1.5% of patients undergoing posterior cervical spine surgery. Patients with a higher level of comorbid disease appear to be at increased risk of development of a symptomatic SEH, although avoidance of postoperative NSAIDs may decrease the risk of its development.
Authors: Gregory D Schroeder; Alan S Hilibrand; Paul M Arnold; David E Fish; Jeffrey C Wang; Jeffrey L Gum; Zachary A Smith; Wellington K Hsu; Ziya L Gokaslan; Robert E Isaacs; Adam S Kanter; Thomas E Mroz; Ahmad Nassr; Rick C Sasso; Michael G Fehlings; Zorica Buser; Mohamad Bydon; Peter I Cha; Dhananjay Chatterjee; Erica L Gee; Elizabeth L Lord; Erik N Mayer; Owen J McBride; Emily C Nguyen; Allison K Roe; P Justin Tortolani; D Alex Stroh; Marisa Y Yanez; K Daniel Riew Journal: Global Spine J Date: 2017-04-01