Short-term responses of Photosystem I to heat stress : Induction of a PS II-independent electron transport through PS I fed by stromal components.

When 23°C-grown potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum L.) were exposed for 15 min to elevated temperatures in weak light, a dramatic and preferential inactivation of Photosystem (PS) II was observed at temperatures higher than about 38°C. In vivo photoacoustic measurements indicated that, concomitantly with the loss of PS II activity, heat stress induced a marked gas-uptake activity both in far-red light (>715 nm) exciting only PS I and in broadband light (350-600 nm) exciting PS I and PS II. In view of its suppression by nitrogen gas and oxygen and its stimulation by high carbon-dioxide concentrations, the bulk of the photoacoustically measured gas uptake by heat-stressed leaves was ascribed to rapid carbon-dioxide solubilization in response to light-modulated stroma alkalization coupled to PS I-driven electron transport. Heat-induced gas uptake was observed to be insensitive to the PS II inhibitor diuron, sensitive to the plastocyanin inhibitor HgCl2 and saturated at a rather high photon flux density of around 1200 μE m(-2) s(-1). Upon transition from far-red light to darkness, the oxidized reaction center P700(+) of PS I was re-reduced very slowly in control leaves (with a half time t1/2 higher than 500 ms), as measured by leaf absorbance changes at around 820 nm. Heat stress caused a spectacular acceleration of the postillumination P700(+) reduction, with t1/2 falling to a value lower than 50 ms (after leaf exposure to 48°C). The decreased t1/2 was sensitive to HgCl2 and insensitive to diuron, methyl viologen (an electron acceptor of PS I competing with the endogenous acceptor ferredoxin) and anaerobiosis. This acceleration of the P700(+) reduction was very rapidly induced by heat treatment (within less than 5 min) and persisted even after prolonged irradiation of the leaves with far-red light. After heat stress, the plastoquinone pool exhibited reduction in darkness as indicated by the increase in the apparent Fo level of chlorophyll fluorescence which could be quenched by far-red light. Application (for 1 min) of far-red light to heat-pretreated leaves also induced a reversible quenching of the maximal fluorescence level Fm, suggesting formation of a pH gradient in far-red light. Taken together, the presented data indicate that PS I responded to the heat-induced loss of PS II photochemical activity by catalyzing an electron flow from stromal reductants. Heat-stress-induced PS I electron transport independent of PS II seems to constitute a protective mechanism since block of this electron pathway in anaerobiosis was observed to result in a dramatic photoinactivation of PS I.