Differentiation into Endoderm Lineage: Pancreatic differentiation from Embryonic Stem Cells.

The endoderm gives rise to digestive and respiratory tracts, thyroid, liver, and pancreas. Representative disease of endoderm lineages is type 1 diabetes resulting from destruction of the insulin-producing β cells. Generation of functional β cells from human embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro can be practical, renewable cell source for replacement cell therapy for type 1 diabetes. It has been achieved by progressive instructive differentiation through each of the developmental stages. In this article, important studies of differentiation into pancreatic β cells from ES cells are reviewed through pancreatic developmental stages as definitive endoderm, primitive gut tube/foregut, and pancreatic cells. The investigation of differentiating ES cells from definitive endoderm to pancreas using signaling, arrays, and proteomics is also introduced.