Two faces of inflammation: an immunopharmacological view.

Inflammation is a protective response intended to eliminate pathogens and other offending agents which have potential to cause cell injury, as well as malignant and necrotic cells. However, if the inflammatory response is dysregulated or inappropriately focused, it has considerable potential to cause harm and can lead to development of inflammatory diseases such as allergic and autoimmune diseases. Despite the recent success in cytokine-targeted therapies, for example by the use of specific biological drugs, there are still considerable unmet needs in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Further, recent discoveries in many diseases in addition to the classical inflammatory diseases have revealed inflammation to be a major factor participating in the underlying pathophysiological processes, either through activation of inflammatory cells or through triggering of inflammatory signalling mechanisms in the tissue cells. Examples of such diseases and conditions are many cardiovascular, metabolic and degenerative diseases, as well as cancer, obesity and pain. This brings the immunopharmacological approach into a new perspective in the drug development in very wide therapeutic areas. Immunopharmacology investigates mechanisms of inflammation and potential molecules and targets to treat inflammatory diseases. The current issue of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology focuses on some of the novel inflammatory mechanisms with potential in anti-inflammatory drug development, including kinase pathways, TRP ion channels, eicosanoid system, obesity-related adipokines, autoantibodies against citrullinated proteins, eosinophils, platelets and pathways connecting nervous and immune systems. The MiniReviews are based on lectures given at the symposium "Novel Drugs and Drug Targets to Treat Inflammation" in Ylläs, Finland, in March 2013.