Simon D S Fraser1, Paul J Roderick1, Grant Aitken2, Marilyn Roth3, Jennifer S Mindell3, Graham Moon2, Donal O'Donoghue4. 1. Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK. 2. Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK. 3. Research Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL (University College London), London WC1E 6BT, UK. 4. Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Renal replacement therapy rates are inversely related to socioeconomic status (SES) in developed countries. The relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and SES is less clear. This study examined the relationships between SES and CKD and albuminuria in England. METHODS: Data from the Health Survey for England 2009 and 2010 were combined. The prevalence of CKD 3-5 and albuminuria was calculated, and logistic regression used to determine their association with five individual-level measures and one area-level measure of SES. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD 3-5 was 5.2% and albuminuria 8.0%. Age-sex-adjusted CKD 3-5 was associated with lack of qualifications [odds ratio (OR) 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.40-3.69)], low income [OR 1.50 (1.02-2.21)] and renting tenure [OR 1.36 (1.01-1.84)]. Only tenure remained significant in fully adjusted models suggesting that co-variables were on the causal pathway. Albuminuria remained associated with several SES measures on full adjustment: low income [OR 1.55 (1.14-2.11)], no vehicle [OR 1.38 (1.05-1.81)], renting [OR 1.31 [1.03-1.67)] and most deprived area-level quintile [OR 1.55 (1.07-2.25)]. CONCLUSIONS: CKD 3-5 and albuminuria were associated with low SES using several measures. For albuminuria this was not explained by known measured causal factors.
BACKGROUND: Renal replacement therapy rates are inversely related to socioeconomic status (SES) in developed countries. The relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and SES is less clear. This study examined the relationships between SES and CKD and albuminuria in England. METHODS: Data from the Health Survey for England 2009 and 2010 were combined. The prevalence of CKD 3-5 and albuminuria was calculated, and logistic regression used to determine their association with five individual-level measures and one area-level measure of SES. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD 3-5 was 5.2% and albuminuria 8.0%. Age-sex-adjusted CKD 3-5 was associated with lack of qualifications [odds ratio (OR) 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.40-3.69)], low income [OR 1.50 (1.02-2.21)] and renting tenure [OR 1.36 (1.01-1.84)]. Only tenure remained significant in fully adjusted models suggesting that co-variables were on the causal pathway. Albuminuria remained associated with several SES measures on full adjustment: low income [OR 1.55 (1.14-2.11)], no vehicle [OR 1.38 (1.05-1.81)], renting [OR 1.31 [1.03-1.67)] and most deprived area-level quintile [OR 1.55 (1.07-2.25)]. CONCLUSIONS: CKD 3-5 and albuminuria were associated with low SES using several measures. For albuminuria this was not explained by known measured causal factors.
Authors: Dominic M Taylor; Simon D S Fraser; J Andrew Bradley; Clare Bradley; Heather Draper; Wendy Metcalfe; Gabriel C Oniscu; Charles R V Tomson; Rommel Ravanan; Paul J Roderick Journal: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2017-05-09 Impact factor: 8.237
Authors: Katharina Brück; Kitty J Jager; Evangelia Dounousi; Alexander Kainz; Dorothea Nitsch; Johan Ärnlöv; Dietrich Rothenbacher; Gemma Browne; Vincenzo Capuano; Pietro Manuel Ferraro; Jean Ferrieres; Giovanni Gambaro; Idris Guessous; Stein Hallan; Mika Kastarinen; Gerjan Navis; Alfonso Otero Gonzalez; Luigi Palmieri; Solfrid Romundstad; Belinda Spoto; Benedicte Stengel; Charles Tomson; Giovanni Tripepi; Henry Völzke; Andrzej Wiȩcek; Ron Gansevoort; Ben Schöttker; Christoph Wanner; Jose Vinhas; Carmine Zoccali; Wim Van Biesen; Vianda S Stel Journal: Nephrol Dial Transplant Date: 2015-08 Impact factor: 5.992
Authors: Olalekan Lee Aiyegbusi; Derek Kyte; Paul Cockwell; Tom Marshall; Thomas Keeley; Adrian Gheorghe; Melanie Calvert Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2016-10-12 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Andrew J Sutton; Katie Breheny; Jon Deeks; Kamlesh Khunti; Claire Sharpe; Ryan S Ottridge; Paul E Stevens; Paul Cockwell; Philp A Kalra; Edmund J Lamb Journal: PLoS One Date: 2015-10-14 Impact factor: 3.240