Cell biology and functional dynamics of the mammalian sperm surface.

Theriogenology has now a 40-year rich history on covering sperm biological aspects with a special emphasis on farm and husbandry animals. The major and most influential of these contributions will be placed into an evolutionary perspective of ongoing and intriguing progresses made in this field. Although many molecular details have been published, it is more the aim of this contribution to provide a guide through the main established aspects and concepts of sperm surface biology and refer only to major molecular players and mechanisms involved in sperm physiology. Those interested in more molecular details and in-depth knowledge can easily access the most relevant literature which is included here for reference purposes. With this approach, a logical and easy to follow buildup can be made of the general picture of sperm surface dynamics and of the ergonomics of sperm physiology and their function in mammalian fertilization. Understanding the ins and outs of sperm surface biology and the dynamics thereof, might challenge future researchers to design novel generation of better sperm-handling procedures. This could be beneficial for assisted reproductive technology and animal breeding industries.