Impacts of acid rainon aquatic birds.

Studies of toxicological and ecological effects of acidification on aquatic birds in Europe and North America are reviewed. Heavy metals are deposited by acid emissions, which also increase solubility and mobility of heavy metals in soil and water. Aluminium is leached from soil and mobilized from lake sediments under acid conditions; it removes susceptible fish and invertebrate species and contaminates remaining invertebrates. It is not highly toxic to birds, but may interfere with their regulation of calcium and phosphorus. Mercury is concentrated as methylmercury in fish tissues, and tends to be biomagnified in aquatic food chains. Experimental studies have demonstrated negative effects on reproduction of birds, and wild Common Loons Gavia immer breed less successfully in territories contaminated by mercury.The clearest demonstrable effect of acidification on aquatic birds is the disruption of their food chains. The loss of invertebrates and fish affects both the food-webs and the predators and competitors of aquatic birds. Cyprinid fish are important food resources for fish-eating birds, in Europe as well as North America, and are particularly sensitive to acidification. Fish-eating waterfowl in Ontario are scarcer, and breed less successfully, in areas of high acidic deposition. Experimental studies of imprinted young Black Duck Anas rubripes showed that they grew more slowly on acidic lakes, apparently due to competition from acid-tolerant fish for a reduced invertebrate resource. Negative effects of acidified habitats on growth and reproduction, again through depletion of the food-web, have also been demonstrated in field studies of Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor and European Dippers Cinclus cinclus.