Biomonitoring and environmental management.

The advantages of biological monitoring of the environment have been long recognised. Direct measurements on biota of importance rather than the use of chemical surrogates, integration over time and the ability to measure the perhaps subtle changes brought about by minor or intermittent pollution have all been propounded as adantages.There appear to be a variety of barriers to the wider adoption of biomonitoring approaches. The perception that biomonitoring takes longer and is more expensive than chemical monitoring. The idea that chemical measurements are an adequate surrogate for direct measurements of biological change. The belief that interpretation of biological data is complex and uncertain in comparison with chemical data. These widely held myths are addressed and some broad principles to guide the development of biomonitoring programs are developed.