Dose-response modeling of etoposide-induced DNA damage response.

The 2007 National Research Council Report "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy" recommended an integrated, toxicity pathway-oriented approach for chemical testing. As an integral component of the recommendation, computational dose-response modeling of toxicity pathways promises to provide mechanistic interpretation and prediction of adverse cellular outcomes. Among the many toxicity pathways, the DNA damage response is better characterized and thus more suited for computational modeling. In the present study, we formulated a minimal mathematical model of this pathway to examine the dose response for etoposide (ETP), an anticancer drug that causes DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). In the model, DSB results from inhibition of topoisomerase by ETP and p53 is activated by a bistable switch composed of a positive feedback loop between ATM and γH2AX. Our stochastic model recapitulated the dose response for several molecular biomarkers measured with flow cytometry in HT1080 cells, including phosphorylated p53, ATM, γH2AX, and micronuclei. Model simulations were consistent with a bimodal pattern of p53 activation and a graded population-averaged response at high ETP concentrations. The graded response was a result of heterogeneous activation of individual cells due to molecular stochasticity. This work shows the value of combining data collection on single cell responses and mechanistic, stochastic modeling to develop and test hypothesis for the circuitry of important toxicity pathways. Future studies will determine how well this initial modeling effort agrees with a broader set of experimental studies on pathway responses by examining a more diverse group of DNA-damaging compounds.