Photolithotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy: Patterns of resource utilization on an annual and a diurnal basis within a pelagic microbial community.

An annual investigation of rates of photolithotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy utilizing glucose and bicarbonate was made within the pelagic zone of a small, hardwater, southwestern Michigan lake. Sampling proceeded on a monthly, diurnal, and depth-wise basis. Annual mean photoheterotrophic uptake was estimated at 2.6μg C m(-3)h(-1). Two periods of relatively high activity were observed: one during spring overturn and the second during the late summer period. In general, greatest contributions to overall carbon cycling occurred during morning to midday incubation periods and at intermediate depths within the water column. Rates of chemoheterotrophy averaged 6.9μg C m(-3)h(-1) and were relatively uniform throughout the annual period. Greatest overall chemoheterotrophic activity was associated with periods of overturn. In general, this activity increased throughout the day and with increasing depth within the water column. The annual mean for photolithotrophic fixation was 1.33 mg C m(-3)h(-1). Greatest contributions to rates of photosynthesis were associated with epilimnetic waters during early morning and midday incubations. Relatively minor contributions to inorganic fixation were made by waters below the 6-meter contour. Spring overturn and late summer represented periods of particularly great photolithotrophic activity. Quantitative comparisons among carbon pathways indicate that rates of pelagic heterotrophy, both photo- and chemoheterotrophy combined, contribute small quantities of carbon to overall carbon metabolism in this oligotrophic system. Qualitative comparisons among pathways indicate strong spatial and temporal separation. The late summer period showed greatest seasonal separation of the three pathways. Spring values represented a period of relatively high activity for all three pathways. On a depth-wise basis, photolithotrophic activity was greatest near the surface and chemolithotrophic activity greatest near the bottom. Photoheterotrophy took an intermediate position between the two. Diurnally, photoheterotrophy and photolithotrophy showed greatest activity during midday and early morning periods, whereas chemoheterotrophy increased throughout the daylight period and reached maximal values in sunset incubations.