Literature DB >> 24229626

[Postoperative survival of patients with stage IIIa non-small cell lung cancer].

Huihui Liu1, Yan Xu, Mengzhao Wang, Ke Hu, Manjiao Ma, Wei Zhong, Li Zhang, Jing Zhao, Longyun Li, Huazhu Wang.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND
OBJECTIVE: At present, surgery is advocated for stage IIIa non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the survival of them is determined by many factors. The aim of this study is to analyze the influencing factors of prognosis for stage IIIa surgical patients.
METHODS: Between March 2002 and October 2012, 151 surgical cases that have postoperative pathological finding of stage IIIa NSCLC with completed followed-up data were received in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. According to different N stages, 151 patients were divided into T4N0/T3-4N1M0 and T1-3N2M0 stages. Kaplan-Meier survival method was used to calculate the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), and to proceed univariate analysis of survival. Cox regression analysis was used to conduct multivariate analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was evaluated as statistically significant.
RESULTS: 151 stage IIIa NSCLC patients had 43 stage T4N0/T3-4N1M0 cases and 108 stage T1-3N2M0 cases. The median OS and PFS of the whole group were 38.9 and 12.9 months respectively. The median OS of stage T4N0/T3-4N1M0 and T1-3N2M0 were 48.7 and 38.9 months. The median PFS of them were 14.9 and 19.8 months respectively. There were no significant differences of OS and PFS between two groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that postoperative chemotherapy had a significant influence on OS of the surgical patients with stage IIIa NSCLC (P=0.001), and family history of tumor had a significant influence on PFS (P<0.05). The maximum diameter of tumor had a significant influence on PFS only in univariate analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: For stage IIIa NSCLC, postoperative chemotherapy can increase OS and PFS, but postoperative radiotherapy have no benefit on them.

Entities:  

Mesh:

Year:  2013        PMID: 24229626      PMCID: PMC6000621          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2013.11.06

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肺癌是目前世界范围内发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)占全部肺癌的80%。其中约1/3的患者在最初诊断时已处于局部晚期(Ⅲa期/Ⅲb期),对于可以手术切除的Ⅲa期NSCLC患者,手术仍是其治疗方式之一;也有部分患者术后病理才确定纵隔淋巴结转移。这些患者术后生存情况的影响因素越来越受到人们的关注。因此,我们对2002年3月-2012年10月在北京协和医院胸外科进行手术切除且病理确诊为Ⅲa期NSCLC的151例患者进行统计分析,为进一步判断其预后影响因素提供依据。

对象与方法

研究对象

2002年3月-2012年10月于北京协和医院就诊的NSCLC患者151例。所有患者均符合以下条件:①术前通过胸腹增强CT、全身骨ECT、头部增强MRI等检查排除远处转移;②接受了肺癌根治术(肺叶切除或全肺切除+纵隔淋巴结清扫术);③术后病理为NSCLC,病理分期为Ⅲa期;④年龄18周岁以上;⑤体能状态ECOG评分0分-2分;⑥无严重的心、肝、肾和造血系统等疾病;⑦规律随访,病历资料完整。

研究方法

回顾性分析151例Ⅲa期NSCLC患者的病历资料。包括患者的性别、年龄、吸烟情况、ECOG评分、肿瘤史、肿瘤家族史、病理分型、分化程度、TNM分期、治疗方案、进展及生存情况。151例患者按照N分期的不同又可分为T4N0/T3-4N1M0期和T1-3N2M0期两组。在单因素分析中分析性别、年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤史、肿瘤家族史、ECOG评分、病理分期(tumor-node-metastasis, TNM)、病理类型、分化程度、术后辅助化疗或放疗、手术方式、肿瘤最大径、纵隔淋巴结阳性数及隆突下淋巴结是否阳性对Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者OS和PFS的影响;在多因素分析中分析性别、年龄、吸烟情况、肿瘤史、肿瘤家族史、ECOG评分、病理分期(TNM)、病理类型、分化程度、术后辅助化疗或放疗对Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者OS和PFS的影响。以门诊或电话形式随访。随访时间至患者死亡或2013年4月15日截止,时间以月表示。

观察指标

总生存期(overall survival, OS)定义为患者从病理确诊日期开始至死亡或末次随诊的时间(月)。无进展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)定义为患者从病理确诊日期开始至疾病进展或疾病尚未进展的末次随诊时间(月)。

统计学分析

统计学分析采用SPSS 18.0软件。利用Kaplan-Meier方法比较OS和PFS,进行生存期影响因素的单因素分析,并绘制生存曲线,生存曲线无交叉时采用Log-rank检验,有交叉时采用Tarone-Ware检验。采用Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。以P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

结果

一般情况

151例Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者的一般临床特征见表 1。
1

Ⅲa期各组患者的临床特征

Clinical characteristics of each group of stage Ⅲa

CharacteristicnRatio (%)
Gender
Male11173.5
Female4026.5
Age (yr)
<606643.7
≥608556.3
Smoke
No5737.7
Yes9462.3
History of tumor
No13992.1
Yes127.9
Family history of tumor
No12280.8
Yes2919.2
Performance status
012784.1
12415.9
Stage Ⅲa
T4N0/T3-4N14328.5
T1-3N210871.5
Histology
Squamous7247.7
Non-squamous7952.3
Differentiation
Poor6845.0
Moderate5637.1
High1610.6
Unknown117.3
Ⅲa期各组患者的临床特征 Clinical characteristics of each group of stage Ⅲa

治疗情况

151例患者的手术方式主要有两种,肺叶切除+纵隔淋巴结清扫术者138例,全肺切除+纵隔淋巴结清扫术者13例。术后辅助化疗者共102例,多采用铂类为主的联合化疗方案,除7例在外院化疗用药方案不详外,化疗方案明确的95例患者中采用铂类为主联合化疗方案的占95.8%(91/95)。联合化疗药包括吉西他滨(31例)、长春瑞滨(18例)、紫杉醇(18例)、多西紫杉醇(13例)、培美曲塞(5例)、VP-16(4例)、长春地辛+丝裂霉素(1例)和5-Fu(1例)。非铂类化疗方案包括1例单药力比泰、1例单药吉西他滨、1例VP-16+异环磷酰胺及1例紫杉醇+5-Fu。除6例化疗周期数不详外,其余96例患者共化疗410周期,平均4.3。术后放疗采用普通放疗或三维适形放疗(3D-CRT),照射野包括原发灶、同侧肺门及相应纵隔淋巴引流区,然后改前后斜野避开脊髓局部加量照射,部分行双侧锁骨上区补量照射。采用常规分割,1.8 Gy/次-2 Gy/次,1次/1天,5次/周。全组151例患者中有69例行术后放疗,11例放疗剂量不详,2例未按原计划完成放疗方案,其余56例放疗总剂量为2, 942.6 Gy,平均52.5 Gy。术后辅助化疗或放疗,一般于术后1个月-2个月开始进行,部分患者因身体状况较差延迟到术后3个月-4个月进行。 根据NCCN指南,术后病理为T4N0/T3-4N1M0期的Ⅲa期NSCLC患者标准治疗方式为术后辅助化疗,T1-3N2M0期的标准治疗方式为术后辅助化疗+放疗。本研究中Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者的治疗情况见图 1。
1

151例患者的治疗情况

The introduction of the treatment of 151 patients

151例患者的治疗情况 The introduction of the treatment of 151 patients

全组的OS和PFS

全组151例Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者的中位OS为38.9个月,中位PFS为19.2个月。Ⅲa期分T4N0/T3-4N1M0期43例和T1-3N2M0期108例两组。两组的中位OS分别为48.7个月和38.9个月,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.010, P=0.922);中位PFS分别为14.9个月和19.8个月,差异亦无统计学意义(χ2=0.023, P=0.880)。

OS和PFS影响因素分析

OS

单因素分析显示只有术后辅助化疗对Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者OS的影响有统计学意义(表 2)。多因素分析也显示只有术后辅助化疗使死亡风险降低了55.1%(P=0.001, HR=0.449, 95%CI: 0.276-0.731)。术后辅助化疗与未辅助化疗者的OS曲线见图 2。Ⅲa期中T1-3N2M0期的术后辅助放疗者有46例,未放疗者62例。两组的中位OS分别为30.4个月和40.7个月,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.414, P=0.120)。
2

151例患者总生存的单因素分析

Univariate analysis of overall survival (OS) of 151 patients

FactorOS/month95%CIχ2P
  #: Have one case lost in this factor analysis. *: Have five cases lost in this factor analysis. **: Have nine cases lost in this factor analysis. ##: Have nine cases lost in this factor analysis.
Gender0.4870.485
Male36.119.16-53.04
Female42.728.38-57.08
Age(yr)1.8470.174
< 6044.029.20-58.87
≥6031.618.72-44.48
Smoke0.7510.386
No40.728.93-52.41
Yes31.614.68-48.52
History of tumor
No36.124.01-48.19
Yes65.90.00-135.42
Family history of tumor0.1340.714
No38.921.77-56.09
Yes44.021.95-66.11
Performance status2.6390.104
044.027.48-60.58
124.722.00-27.40
Stage Ⅲa0.0100.922
T4N0/T3-4N148.712.62-84.72
T1-3N238.926.74-51.12
Histology3.6510.056
Squamous31.621.73-41.47
Non-squamous44.025.81-62.25
Differentiation4.5870.205
Poor31.617.99-45.21
Moderate30.313.47-47.19
High58.425.96-90.90
Unknown--
Adjuvant chemotherapy10.9200.001
No23.019.15-26.91
Yes44.031.60-56.46
Adjuvant radiotherapy0.7470.387
No36.122.37-49.83
Yes38.920.85-57.01
Style of surgery#2.2130.137
Lobectomy40.724.87-56.47
Pneumonectomy22.112.44-31.82
Maximum diameter of tumor*2.8870.089
< 4 cm42.722.56-62.90
≥4 cm31.610.65-52.55
Number of involved mediastinal lymph nodes**1.4280.232
< 342.721.78-63.68
≥333.811.38-56.28
Positive subcarinal lymph node##0.4000.527
No44.018.63-69.43
Yes33.822.32-45.34
2

Ⅲa期手术者术后有无辅助化疗的OS曲线

Overall survival (OS) curves of stage Ⅲa surgical patients with or without adjuvant chemotherapy

151例患者总生存的单因素分析 Univariate analysis of overall survival (OS) of 151 patients Ⅲa期手术者术后有无辅助化疗的OS曲线 Overall survival (OS) curves of stage Ⅲa surgical patients with or without adjuvant chemotherapy

PFS

单因素分析显示肿瘤家族史和肿瘤最大径对Ⅲa期手术患者PFS的影响有统计学意义(表 3)。其中肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm者与≥4 cm者相比,PFS相差8.6个月。多因素分析显示肿瘤家族史对PFS的影响有统计学意义,有肿瘤家族史者与无肿瘤家族史者相比进展风险增加了69.1%(P=0.039, HR=1.691, 95%CI: 1.026-2.787)。肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm与≥4 cm者的PFS曲线见图 3。Ⅲa期中T1-3N2M0期术后放疗与未放疗者的中位PFS分别为21.8个月和13.0个月。两者PFS的差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.890, P=0.089)。
3

151例患者无进展生存期的单因素分析s

Univariate analysis of progresion free survival (PFS) of 151 patients

FactorPFS/month95%CIχ2P
  #: Have one case lost in this factor analysis. *: Have five cases lost in this factor analysis. **: Have nine cases lost in this factor analysis. ##: Have nine cases lost in this factor analysis.
Gender2.9300.087
Male14.08.68-19.32
Female23.119.04-27.10
Age (yr)0.0010.977
< 6018.211.12-25.22
≥6019.614.25-25.01
Smoke0.0880.767
No19.313.95-24.71
Yes16.510.40-22.60
History of tumor0.1050.746
No19.214.64-23.70
Yes12.72.92-22.48
Family history of tumor4.3610.037
No19.314.88-23.79
Yes16.54.44-28.56
Performance status0.8740.350
019.214.77-23.57
119.612.29-26.97
Stage Ⅲa0.0230.880
T4N0/T3-4N114.98.94-20.86
T1-3N219.814.78-24.88
Histology0.3930.531
Squamous16.510.05-22.95
Non-squamous19.815.05-24.61
Differentiation2.1010.552
Poor14.98.42-21.38
Mediate19.312.27-26.39
High20.114.40-25.80
Unknown15.80.87-30.79
Adjuvant chemotherapy2.3990.121
None14.25.96-22.44
Yes19.614.56-24.70
Adjuvant radiotherapy3.0400.081
None14.09.31-18.69
Yes20.016.78-23.29
Style of surgery#0.2470.619
Lobectomy19.314.36-24.30
Pneumonectomy14.912.39-17.41
Maximum diameter of tumor*5.6280.018
< 4 cm21.817.74-25.92
≥4 cm13.29.57-16.83
Number of involved mediastinal lymph nodes**0.6990.403
< 319.314.47-24.19
≥316.07.55-24.46
Positive subcarinal lymph node##0.1590.690
No16.011.13-20.87
Yes21.313.83-28.83
3

Ⅲa期手术者肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm和≥4 cm的PFS曲线

Progression-free survival (PFS) curves of stage Ⅲa surgical patients with maximum diameter of tumor < 4 cm or ≥4 cm

151例患者无进展生存期的单因素分析s Univariate analysis of progresion free survival (PFS) of 151 patients Ⅲa期手术者肿瘤最大径 < 4 cm和≥4 cm的PFS曲线 Progression-free survival (PFS) curves of stage Ⅲa surgical patients with maximum diameter of tumor < 4 cm or ≥4 cm

讨论

手术虽然是Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期NSCLC患者的标准治疗方式,但由于NSCLC在早期就有全身播散的倾向,故最初确诊时有50%以上的病例已不适于接受手术治疗。对于可以手术切除的Ⅲa期NSCLC,即使是完全切除,其术后复发及死亡的风险仍然较大。有近30%的患者在术后5年内出现局部复发或区域淋巴结转移[。国内一项回顾性研究[提示Ⅲ期-N2的NSCLC患者术后的中位OS为22个月。而一项国外研究[报道Ⅲ期NSCLC手术患者的中位OS为31个月。本研究中151例Ⅲa期NSCLC手术患者的中位OS为38.9个月,中位PFS为19.2个月,与国外研究报道相仿。Ⅲa期中的T4N0/T3-4N1M0期和T1-3N2M0期的中位OS分别为48.7个月和38.9个月,中位PFS分别为14.9个月和19.8个月。两者的OS和PFS均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。与目前2011年国际抗癌联盟修订后的肺癌国际分期Ⅲa期包括T4N0/T3-4N1M0、T1-3N2M0期相符。 目前,由于Ⅲa期NSCLC患者单纯手术后较高的复发率和死亡率,国内外普遍倡导进行术后辅助治疗。术后化疗的作用主要是杀死已经发生的远处微小亚临床转移灶,或者减少和预防发生远处转移。其疗效已得到较多临床研究的证实,目前已成为Ia期以上NSCLC患者术后的标准治疗方式。多次随机对照研究提示对于Ⅲa期NSCLC患者,术后进行以铂类为基础的两药联合化疗的生存期优于未化疗的患者(P=0.015),同时Ⅲa-N2期NSCLC患者术后的辅助化疗方案和化疗疗程数对其预后有明显影响[。Le Chevalier[、Douiilard[等的研究结论认为Ⅲa期患者经过术后辅助化疗后生存时间得以延长。潘泓等[也曾报道Ⅲ期NSCLC切除术后予顺铂为主的化疗,可改善长期生存,5年生存率为27.6%。本研究中单因素和多因素分析均证实了术后辅助化疗的重要性,术后辅助化疗者与未进行辅助化疗者相比,中位OS延长了21个月。所以,对于Ⅲa期手术的NSCLC患者,术后应该进行辅助化疗。 术后放疗作为一种局部治疗方式,可以杀死残留肿瘤及局部亚临床病灶,从而降低肿瘤复发率。所以术后放疗理论上是可以改善治疗效果的。但其临床意义尚有很多争议。目前认为Ⅲ期-N2的NSCLC患者需要有计划的进行术后辅助放化疗。国外一项1998年发表随后又被最近的一些研究更新过的meta分析[统计了11项前瞻性研究中的2, 343例Ⅰ期-Ⅲ期NSCLC患者,结果表明术后放疗对患者的生存期有负性作用,但亚组分析显示术后放疗对生存期的负性作用似乎仅局限于Ⅰ期-Ⅱ期的NSCLC,N2淋巴结转移的患者进行术后放疗是获益的。最近又有几项研究[证实术后放疗对于手术完全切除后的N2淋巴结转移的NSCLC患者可以延长其生存期。但Wisnivesky等[认为术后放疗对N2淋巴结转移的老年NSCLC患者的生存期无改善。也有研究[指出,对于Ⅲa-N2期NSCLC患者,虽然术后放疗不能明显改善患者的5年生存率,但是亚组分析表明有多站N2淋巴结转移者进行术后辅助放疗的PFS与单站N2淋巴结转移者相比具有统计学差异。回顾国内文献,张连民等[报道术后辅助放疗可以延长Ⅲa-N2期患者的生存期,在腺癌患者中这一趋势最为明显。这与黄国俊等[的报道一致。也有大量研究[及meta分析显示术后放疗可以提高肿瘤的局部控制率,但并不增加或减少Ⅲ期NSCLC的死亡风险。本研究结果显示,不管是对于Ⅲa期总体还是Ⅲa-N2期NSCLC患者,术后辅助放疗对生存期均无明显改善作用。故术后辅助放疗的价值仍有待进一步的研究证实。
  12 in total

1.  [A clinical and prognostic retrospective analysis of IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer].

Authors:  Lian-min Zhang; Xi-zeng Liu; Zhen-fa Zhang; Chang-li Wang; Jian-quan Zhu; Dong-sheng Yue
Journal:  Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi       Date:  2010-05-01

2.  [Surgical therapeutic strategy for non-small cell lung cancer with (N2) mediastinal lymph node metastasis].

Authors:  Guo-jun Huang; De-kang Fang; Gui-yu Cheng; De-chao Zhang
Journal:  Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi       Date:  2006-01

3.  Management of stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer by thoracic surgeons in North America.

Authors:  Nirmal K Veeramachaneni; Richard H Feins; Briana J K Stephenson; Lloyd J Edwards; Felix G Fernandez
Journal:  Ann Thorac Surg       Date:  2012-06-27       Impact factor: 4.330

4.  Pneumonectomy: calculable or non-tolerable risk factor in trimodal therapy for Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer?

Authors:  Volker Steger; Werner Spengler; Jürgen Hetzel; Stefanie Veit; Tobias Walker; Migdat Mustafi; Godehard Friedel; Thorsten Walles
Journal:  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg       Date:  2012-01-10       Impact factor: 4.191

5.  Prognostic significance of tumor size in patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) survey from 1998 to 2003.

Authors:  Daniel Morgensztern; Saiama Waqar; Janakiraman Subramanian; Feng Gao; Kathryn Trinkaus; Ramaswamy Govindan
Journal:  J Thorac Oncol       Date:  2012-10       Impact factor: 15.609

6.  Postoperative radiotherapy for patients with completely resected pathological stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer: focusing on an effect of the number of mediastinal lymph node stations involved.

Authors:  Haruhisa Matsuguma; Rie Nakahara; Yoshinori Ishikawa; Haruko Suzuki; Koichi Inoue; Susumu Katano; Kohei Yokoi
Journal:  Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg       Date:  2008-04-15

Review 7.  Postoperative radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Roy H Decker; Lynn D Wilson
Journal:  Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg       Date:  2008

8.  Postoperative radiotherapy for elderly patients with stage III lung cancer.

Authors:  Juan P Wisnivesky; Ethan A Halm; Marcelo Bonomi; Cardinale Smith; Grace Mhango; Emilia Bagiella
Journal:  Cancer       Date:  2012-02-13       Impact factor: 6.860

9.  [Analysis of prognostic factors in 1826 patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer].

Authors:  Yu-Shun Gao; Xue-Zhong Xing; Kang Shao; Xiao-Li Feng; Jie He
Journal:  Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi       Date:  2008-02

10.  Surgical therapeutic strategy for non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2).

Authors:  Qianli Ma; Deruo Liu; Yongqing Guo; Bin Shi; Zhiyi Song; Yanchu Tian
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2010-04
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  1 in total

1.  Patient prognostic scores and association with survival improvement offered by postoperative radiotherapy for resected IIIA/N2 non-small cell lung cancer: A population-based study.

Authors:  Lei Xu; Hou-Nai Xie; Xian-Kai Chen; Nan Bi; Jian-Jun Qin; Yin Li
Journal:  Thorac Cancer       Date:  2021-01-22       Impact factor: 3.500

  1 in total

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