Activities of benthic nitrifiers in streams and their role in oxygen consumption.

The in situ rates of oxygen consumption by benthic nitrifiers were estimated at 11 study sites in 4 streams. Two methods were used: an in situ respiration chamber method and a method involving conversion of nitrifying potential measurements to in situ rates. Estimates of benthic nitrogenous oxygen consumption (BNOC) rate ranged from 0-380 mmol of O2 m(-2)·day(-1), and BNOC contributed between 0-85% of the total benthic oxygen consumption rate. The activity of nitrifiers residing in the sediments was influenced by O2 availability, temperature, pH, and substrate. Depending upon site, nitrification could approximate either first-order or zero-order kinetics with respect to ammonium concentration. The source of ammonium for benthic nitrifiers could be either totally from within the sediment or totally from the overlying water. Nitrate produced in the sediments could flux to the water above or be lost within the sediment. The sediments could act as a source (positive flux) or sink (negative flux) for both ammonium (-185 mmol·m(-2)·day(-1) to +195 mmol·m(-2)·day(-1)) and nitrate (-135 mmol·m(-2)·day(-1) to +185 mmol·m(-2)·day(-1)).This study provides evidence to suggest that measurements of down-stream mass flow changes in inorganic nitrogen forms may give poor estimates of in situ rates of nitrification in flowing waters.