Multidisciplinary approach to genome analysis in the diploid species, Thinopyrum bessarabicum and Th. elongatum (Lophopyrum elongatum), of the Triticeae.

The J and E genome species of the Triticeae are invaluable sources of salt tolerance. The evidence concerning the phyletic relatedness of the J genome of diploid Thinopyrum bessarabicum and the E genome of diploid Th. elongatum (=Lophopyrum elongatum) is discussed. Low level of chromosome pairing between J and E at different ploidy levels, suppression of J-E pairing by the Ph1 pairing regulator that inhibits homoeologous pairing, complete sterility of the diploid hybrids (JE), karyotypic divergence of the two genomes, differences in total content and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes, and marked differences in gliadin proteins, isozymes, 5S DNA, and rDNA indicate that J and E are distinct genomes. Well-defined biochemical markers have been identified in the two genomes and may be useful in plant breeding. The level of distinction between J and E is comparable to that among the universally accepted homoeologous genomes A, B, and D of wheat. Therefore, the J and E genomes are homoeologous and not homologous, although some workers continue to call them homologous. The previous workers' data on chromosome pairing in diploid hybrids and/ or karyotypic differences in the conventionally stained chromosomes do not provide sufficient evidence for the proposed merger of J and E genomes (and, hence, of the genera Thinopyrum and Lophopyrum) specifically and for establishing genome relationships generally. Extra precautions should be exercised before changing the designation of an established genome and before merging two genera. A uniform, standardized system of genomic nomenclature for the entire Triticeae is proposed, which should benefit cytogeneticists, plant breeders, taxonomists, and evolutionists.