Natacha Akshoomoff1, Erik Newman1, Wesley K Thompson2, Connor McCabe3, Cinnamon S Bloss4, Linda Chang5, David G Amaral6, B J Casey7, Thomas M Ernst5, Jean A Frazier8, Jeffrey R Gruen9, Walter E Kaufmann10, Tal Kenet11, David N Kennedy8, Ondrej Libiger12, Stewart Mostofsky10, Sarah S Murray12, Elizabeth R Sowell13, Nicholas Schork12, Anders M Dale14, Terry L Jernigan15. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Development, University of California-San Diego. 2. Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego. 3. Center for Human Development, University of California-San Diego. 4. Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Health. 5. Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii. 6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California. 7. Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weil Cornell Medical College. 8. Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School. 9. Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine. 10. Kennedy Krieger Institute. 11. Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. 12. Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute, and Scripps Health. 13. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California. 14. Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego. 15. Department of Cognitive Science, University of California-San Diego.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) was designed to provide a brief, efficient computerized test of key neuropsychological functions appropriate for use in children as young as 3 years of age. This report describes the performance of a large group of typically developing children and adolescents and examines the impact of age and sociocultural variables on test performance. METHOD: The NTCB was administered to a sample of 1,020 typically developing males and females ranging in age from 3 to 20 years, diverse in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity, as part of the new publicly accessible Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) data resource, at 9 sites across the United States. RESULTS: General additive models of nonlinear age-functions were estimated from age-differences in test performance on the 8 NTCB subtests while controlling for family SES and genetic ancestry factors (GAFs). Age accounted for the majority of the variance across all NTCB scores, with additional significant contributions of gender on some measures, and of SES and race/ethnicity (GAFs) on all. After adjusting for age and gender, SES and GAFs explained a substantial proportion of the remaining unexplained variance in Picture Vocabulary scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the sensitivity to developmental effects and efficiency of this new computerized assessment battery for neurodevelopmental research. Limitations are observed in the form of some ceiling effects in older children, some floor effects, particularly on executive function tests in the youngest participants, and evidence for variable measurement sensitivity to cultural/socioeconomic factors.
OBJECTIVE: The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) was designed to provide a brief, efficient computerized test of key neuropsychological functions appropriate for use in children as young as 3 years of age. This report describes the performance of a large group of typically developing children and adolescents and examines the impact of age and sociocultural variables on test performance. METHOD: The NTCB was administered to a sample of 1,020 typically developing males and females ranging in age from 3 to 20 years, diverse in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity, as part of the new publicly accessible Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) data resource, at 9 sites across the United States. RESULTS: General additive models of nonlinear age-functions were estimated from age-differences in test performance on the 8 NTCB subtests while controlling for family SES and genetic ancestry factors (GAFs). Age accounted for the majority of the variance across all NTCB scores, with additional significant contributions of gender on some measures, and of SES and race/ethnicity (GAFs) on all. After adjusting for age and gender, SES and GAFs explained a substantial proportion of the remaining unexplained variance in Picture Vocabulary scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the sensitivity to developmental effects and efficiency of this new computerized assessment battery for neurodevelopmental research. Limitations are observed in the form of some ceiling effects in older children, some floor effects, particularly on executive function tests in the youngest participants, and evidence for variable measurement sensitivity to cultural/socioeconomic factors.
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