OBJECTIVE: Adequate calcium and vitamin D intakes are critical during all life cycle stages. This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and dietary supplements in specific subpopulations of Americans so that fortification/enrichment and supplementation efforts may be targeted toward populations who are truly in need. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D by source and compared usual intakes to the established Dietary Reference Intakes for U.S. residents aged ≥4 years using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 data sets. RESULTS: These results showed for the first time that low-income, overweight, and/or obese minority populations may be at greater risk of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency. Children aged 4-8 years were more likely to obtain recommended dairy intakes compared with older children and adults of all ages. Food intakes of calcium decreased with age in adults. Adults who used supplemental calcium showed a lower prevalence of insufficiency. Calcium and vitamin D intakes from food and dietary supplements were not related to vegetarian status. Excessive intakes of calcium and vitamin D above the tolerable upper intake level were low among all studied populations and "overnutrification" was not widely present across these analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Age- and gender-specific supplementation and modest use of fortification with calcium and vitamin D may be warranted for targeting certain subpopulations, particularly older adults, teenagers, minorities, and those who are low income and overweight and/or obese. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and dietary supplements in specific subpopulations of Americans so that fortification/enrichment and supplementation efforts may be better targeted. Low-income, overweight, and/or obese minority populations may be at a greater risk of calcium and vitamin D insufficiency.
OBJECTIVE: Adequate calcium and vitamin D intakes are critical during all life cycle stages. This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and dietary supplements in specific subpopulations of Americans so that fortification/enrichment and supplementation efforts may be targeted toward populations who are truly in need. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D by source and compared usual intakes to the established Dietary Reference Intakes for U.S. residents aged ≥4 years using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 data sets. RESULTS: These results showed for the first time that low-income, overweight, and/or obese minority populations may be at greater risk of calcium and vitamin Dinsufficiency. Children aged 4-8 years were more likely to obtain recommended dairy intakes compared with older children and adults of all ages. Food intakes of calcium decreased with age in adults. Adults who used supplemental calcium showed a lower prevalence of insufficiency. Calcium and vitamin D intakes from food and dietary supplements were not related to vegetarian status. Excessive intakes of calcium and vitamin D above the tolerable upper intake level were low among all studied populations and "overnutrification" was not widely present across these analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Age- and gender-specific supplementation and modest use of fortification with calcium and vitamin D may be warranted for targeting certain subpopulations, particularly older adults, teenagers, minorities, and those who are low income and overweight and/or obese. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study aimed to characterize usual intakes of calcium and vitamin D from food and dietary supplements in specific subpopulations of Americans so that fortification/enrichment and supplementation efforts may be better targeted. Low-income, overweight, and/or obese minority populations may be at a greater risk of calcium and vitamin Dinsufficiency.
Authors: Juan Carlos Cardet; Margee Louisias; Tonya S King; Mario Castro; Christopher D Codispoti; Ryan Dunn; Linda Engle; B Louise Giles; Fernando Holguin; John J Lima; Dayna Long; Njira Lugogo; Sharmilee Nyenhuis; Victor E Ortega; Sima Ramratnam; Michael E Wechsler; Elliot Israel; Wanda Phipatanakul Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Date: 2017-05-20 Impact factor: 10.793
Authors: C M Weaver; C M Gordon; K F Janz; H J Kalkwarf; J M Lappe; R Lewis; M O'Karma; T C Wallace; B S Zemel Journal: Osteoporos Int Date: 2016-02-08 Impact factor: 4.507
Authors: Kathleen M Hill Gallant; Connie M Weaver; Dwight A Towler; Sowmyanarayanan V Thuppal; Regan L Bailey Journal: Adv Nutr Date: 2016-05-16 Impact factor: 8.701
Authors: James C Fleet; Rebecca A Replogle; Perla Reyes-Fernandez; Libo Wang; Min Zhang; Erica L Clinkenbeard; Kenneth E White Journal: Endocrinology Date: 2015-11-20 Impact factor: 4.736
Authors: William B Grant; Sunil J Wimalawansa; Michael F Holick; John J Cannell; Pawel Pludowski; Joan M Lappe; Mary Pittaway; Philip May Journal: Nutrients Date: 2015-02-27 Impact factor: 5.717