The biotechnological future for newly described, extremely thermophilic bacteria.

Recent explorations of aquatic volcanic environments have led to the isolation of novel microorganisms with optimal growth temperatures of 80°C or higher. Expectations of equally novel, highly thermostable biocatalysts and specialty chemicals from such organisms remain high but must be tempered with the laboratory realities of manipulating unusual bacteria whose growth characteristics are as yet poorly defined. Advancing the biotechnological future of "super-thermophiles" will require new cultivation methods, including the use of highly thermostable gels and pressurized bioreactors.