Samuel Iff1, Germaine Wong2, Angela C Webster3, Victoria Flood4, Jie Jin Wang5, Paul Mitchell5, Jonathan C Craig3. 1. Centre for Kidney Research, Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: siff@ispm.unibe.ch. 2. Centre for Kidney Research, Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia. 3. Centre for Kidney Research, Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 4. School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. 5. Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mortality risk for people with chronic kidney disease is substantially greater than that for the general population, increasing to a 7-fold greater risk for those on dialysis therapy. Higher body mass index, generally due to higher energy intake, appears protective for people on dialysis therapy, but the relationship between energy intake and survival in those with reduced kidney function is unknown. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with a median follow-up of 14.5 (IQR, 11.2-15.2) years. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Blue Mountains Area, west of Sydney, Australia. Participants in the general community enrolled in the Blue Mountains Eye Study (n = 2,664) who underwent a detailed interview, food frequency questionnaire, and physical examination including body weight, height, blood pressure, and laboratory tests. PREDICTORS: Relative energy intake, food components (carbohydrates, total sugars, fat, protein, and water), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Relative energy intake was dichotomized at 100%, and eGFR, at 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). OUTCOMES: All-cause and cardiovascular mortality. MEASUREMENTS: All-cause and cardiovascular mortality using unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional regression models. RESULTS: 949 people died during follow-up, 318 of cardiovascular events. In people with eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (n = 852), there was an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.48; P = 0.03), but no increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.59; P = 0.1) among those with higher relative energy intake compared with those with lower relative energy intake. Increasing intake of carbohydrates (HR per 100g/d, 1.50; P = 0.04) and total sugars (HR per 100g/d, 1.62; P = 0.03) was associated significantly with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. LIMITATIONS: Under-reporting of energy intake, baseline laboratory and food intake values only, white population. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing relative energy intake was associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). This effect may be mediated by increasing total sugars intake on subsequent cardiovascular events.
BACKGROUND: Mortality risk for people with chronic kidney disease is substantially greater than that for the general population, increasing to a 7-fold greater risk for those on dialysis therapy. Higher body mass index, generally due to higher energy intake, appears protective for people on dialysis therapy, but the relationship between energy intake and survival in those with reduced kidney function is unknown. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with a median follow-up of 14.5 (IQR, 11.2-15.2) years. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Blue Mountains Area, west of Sydney, Australia. Participants in the general community enrolled in the Blue Mountains Eye Study (n = 2,664) who underwent a detailed interview, food frequency questionnaire, and physical examination including body weight, height, blood pressure, and laboratory tests. PREDICTORS: Relative energy intake, food components (carbohydrates, total sugars, fat, protein, and water), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Relative energy intake was dichotomized at 100%, and eGFR, at 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). OUTCOMES: All-cause and cardiovascular mortality. MEASUREMENTS: All-cause and cardiovascular mortality using unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional regression models. RESULTS: 949 people died during follow-up, 318 of cardiovascular events. In people with eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (n = 852), there was an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.48; P = 0.03), but no increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.59; P = 0.1) among those with higher relative energy intake compared with those with lower relative energy intake. Increasing intake of carbohydrates (HR per 100g/d, 1.50; P = 0.04) and total sugars (HR per 100g/d, 1.62; P = 0.03) was associated significantly with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. LIMITATIONS: Under-reporting of energy intake, baseline laboratory and food intake values only, white population. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing relative energy intake was associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). This effect may be mediated by increasing total sugars intake on subsequent cardiovascular events.