Recent applications of on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis.

This review highlights recent developments and applications of on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis (CE) from 2010 to April 2013. Various preconcentration techniques based on the analyte velocity change in two or three discontinuous solutions system including field-amplified stacking, transient isotachophoresis, pH-mediated stacking, sweeping, and their modified and combined techniques have been employed to enrich and separate biological, environmental, food, toxicological, forensic and nanoparticle samples in CE. More than 170 published research articles collected from Scopus databases from the year 2010 described the on-line sample preconcentration techniques. This review provides comprehensive tables listing the applications of the on-line sample preconcentration techniques with categorizing by the fundamental preconcentration mechanism and application area.