General surgery considerations in the era of mechanical circulatory assist devices.

Much of the success of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) can be attributed to the second-generation HeartMate II (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA, USA), which is the most commonly used device to date. The latest generation of LVADs is currently undergoing clinical trials worldwide. Developers have focused on improving the limitations of the second generation with emphasis on enhancing efficiency further, decreasing complications, and increasing ease of implantability. Clinical management of a patient with an LVAD is also an excellent example of the multidisciplinary approach of care that is undoubtedly the future of medicine.