Ferritin protein nanocages-the story.

Ferritins are a family of large (10-12 nm diameter), self-assembled, protein cages that reversibly synthesize Fe2O3•H2O with up to 4500 iron atoms in a central cavity, 65 or 270 nm3; the protein cages without mineral are sometimes called apoferritin. Fe2O3•H2O synthesis depends on controlled Fe2+ entry though four or eight ion channels, directed transport to multiple Fe2+/O oxidoreductase ("ferroxidase") sites and, in the case of eukaryotic ferritins, guided nucleation and extrusion through channels connecting the active sites to the mineral growth cavity; passage of the diferric oxo catalytic products through the nucleation/extrusion channels allows the eukaryotic ferritin protein cage to influence order in the bulk mineral. Ferritin Fe2+ion channels also control reduction, dissolution, and exit of Fe2+ from the mineral with gated pores on the cytoplasmic surface of ferritin cages. Found in anaerobic and aerobic organisms, from archaea and bacteria to higher plants and animals, ferritins are required for life. They provide metabolic iron concentrates for protein cofactor synthesis, and antioxidant activity after stress. Current applications of ferritin nanocages include clinical measurements of trace amounts released into serum, nutritional sources of concentrated iron, nanomaterial templates, biological delivery of nanosensors, and nanocatalysts. Future applications can exploit the nucleation/ extrusion channels and other metal-protein sites in ferritins.