J Robin Moon1, M Maria Glymour2, Anusha M Vable2, Sze Y Liu2, S V Subramanian2. 1. Office of the Mayor, New York City, NY, USA. 2. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge Building, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Past research shows that spousal death results in elevated mortality risk for the surviving spouse. However, most prior studies have inadequately controlled for socioeconomic status (SES), and it is unclear whether this 'widowhood effect' persists over time. METHODS: Health and Retirement Study participants aged 50+ years and married in 1998 (n = 12 316) were followed through 2008 for widowhood status and mortality (2912 deaths). Discrete-time survival analysis was used to compare mortality for the widowed versus the married. RESULTS: Odds of mortality during the first 3 months post-widowhood were significantly higher than in the continuously married (odds ratio (OR) for men = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.75; OR for women = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.96, 2.24) in models adjusted for age, gender, race and baseline SES (education, household wealth and household income), behavioral risk factors and co-morbidities. Twelve months following bereavement, men experienced borderline elevated mortality (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.35), whereas women did not (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.28), though the gender difference was non-significant. CONCLUSION: The 'widowhood effect' was not fully explained by adjusting for pre-widowhood SES and particularly elevated within the first few months after widowhood. These associations did not differ by sex.
BACKGROUND: Past research shows that spousal death results in elevated mortality risk for the surviving spouse. However, most prior studies have inadequately controlled for socioeconomic status (SES), and it is unclear whether this 'widowhood effect' persists over time. METHODS: Health and Retirement Study participants aged 50+ years and married in 1998 (n = 12 316) were followed through 2008 for widowhood status and mortality (2912 deaths). Discrete-time survival analysis was used to compare mortality for the widowed versus the married. RESULTS: Odds of mortality during the first 3 months post-widowhood were significantly higher than in the continuously married (odds ratio (OR) for men = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.75; OR for women = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.96, 2.24) in models adjusted for age, gender, race and baseline SES (education, household wealth and household income), behavioral risk factors and co-morbidities. Twelve months following bereavement, men experienced borderline elevated mortality (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.35), whereas women did not (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.28), though the gender difference was non-significant. CONCLUSION: The 'widowhood effect' was not fully explained by adjusting for pre-widowhood SES and particularly elevated within the first few months after widowhood. These associations did not differ by sex.
Authors: Christopher P Fagundes; Ryan L Brown; Michelle A Chen; Kyle W Murdock; Levi Saucedo; Angie LeRoy; E Lydia Wu; Luz M Garcini; Anoushka D Shahane; Faiza Baameur; Cobi Heijnen Journal: Psychoneuroendocrinology Date: 2018-10-11 Impact factor: 4.905
Authors: Nancy J Donovan; Qiong Wu; Dorene M Rentz; Reisa A Sperling; Gad A Marshall; M Maria Glymour Journal: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2016-05-09 Impact factor: 3.485
Authors: E Lydia Wu-Chung; Stephanie L Leal; Bryan T Denny; Samantha L Cheng; Christopher P Fagundes Journal: Neurosci Biobehav Rev Date: 2021-12-29 Impact factor: 8.989
Authors: Ryan L Brown; Angie S LeRoy; Michelle A Chen; Robert Suchting; Lisa M Jaremka; Jia Liu; Cobi Heijnen; Christopher P Fagundes Journal: Psychol Sci Date: 2022-06-08
Authors: Jessica M Perkins; Hwa-Young Lee; K S James; Juhwan Oh; Aditi Krishna; Jongho Heo; Jong-Koo Lee; S V Subramanian Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2016-09-30 Impact factor: 3.295