Up-regulation of miR-224 promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasion and predicts relapse of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in human cancer. Abnormally expressed miR-224 was found to play a fundamental role in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and biological values of miR-224 in colorectal cancer (CRC).
METHODS: Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate expression levels of miR-224. The postoperative survival rate was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier method. The roles of miR-224 in cell proliferation, migration and invasion were analyzed with pre-miR-224 transfected cells. In addition, the regulation of SMAD4 by miR-224 was evaluated by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and luciferase reporter assays.
RESULTS: In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-224 was significantly up-regulated in CRC tissue samples and associated with disease relapse and a relative poorer disease-free survival rate. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-224 potently promoted tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, the over-expression of miR-224 in CRC cell lines decreased SMAD4 expression at the translational level and decreased SMAD4-driven luciferase-reporter activity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that miR-224 could play an oncogenic role in the cellular processes of CRC and represent a novel biomarker for tumor relapse of CRC patients.

Introduction

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common cancers, and is a significant contributor to cancer death [1]. Although surgery currently offers the possibility of prolonged survival for CRC patients, a significant number of patients with CRC who undergo curative surgery develop local recurrence or distant metastasis, leading to shorter survival [2]. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor recurrence or metastasis is essential to facilitate the prevention and treatment of advanced CRC.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate target gene expressions by binding to 3′-untranslated region (UTR) [3,4]. MiRNAs participate in gene regulation, apoptosis, hematopoietic development, the maintenance of cell differentiation, and tumor genesis [5,6]. The dysregulation of miRNAs is common in various carcinomas and plays an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, metastasis and relapse in cancers [7-9].

Recently, miR-224 has been shown to be up-regulated in cervical cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas [10,11], and the involvement of miR-224 in the tumorigenesis and development of breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma has also been reported [12,13]. Previous reports revealed that miR-224 was upregulated in CRC by miRNA microarray analysis [14,15]. Moreover, miR-224 is one of the most highly differentially expressed miRNAs in methotrexate-resistant cells, and its over-expression induces the resistant phenotype in HT29 colon cancer cells [16]. Taken together, these studies suggest that miR-224 functions as an oncogenic miRNA. However, the association between miR-224 and relapse of colorectal cancer has not been evaluated yet, and the biological roles of miR-224 in CRC remain poorly understood.

Thus, we investigated the relationship between expression level of miR-224 and prognosis in CRC, and further studied the possible function of miR-224 in the CRC cell line. Our study results showed the high expression level of miR-244 in CRC was significantly associated with a relative poorer disease-free survival rate. Moreover, we also demonstrated miR-224 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of SW480 cells, at least partially through suppression of SMAD4 expression.

Materials and methods

Patients and tissue samples

A total of 108 stage I-II (UICC, 6th ed., 2002) colorectal patients received radical surgery at the First Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, from January 2004 to January 2009, were collected. All clinicopathological characteristics of patients with disease relapse (n=40) or without disease relapse (n=68) within 3 years after surgery were available for all patients. Disease relapse was defined as local recurrence or distant metastasis of colorectal cancer. All tissue specimens were derived from 108 patients who did not received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. The patients who received postoperative adjuvant therapy were also excluded. To test whether miR-224 was differentially expressed between paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue in the same subject, we recruited a second cohort comprising 20 CRC patients. All tissue samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for subsequent analysis. The median follow-up time was 48.3 months (12.6–62.5 months) until June, 2012. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated from radical surgery to the first disease relapse. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient, and research protocols were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of North Sichuan Medical College.

Cell culture

The human CRC cell line SW480 was purchase from American Type Culture Collection. The cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 u/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin, at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2.

RNA extraction and real-time RT–PCR

Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The PCR primers for miR-224 and U6 were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The PCR primers for SMAD4 were 5′-TGGCCCAGGATC AGTAGGT-3′ and 5′-CATCAACACCAATTCCAGCA-3′.The primers for β-actin: 5′-CCAAGGCCAACCGCGAGAAGATGAC-3′ and 5′-AGGGTACAT GGTGGTGCCGCCAGAC-3′. The first-strand cDNA was synthesized using the PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa) and measured in a LightCycler 480 system (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). U6 or β-actin was used as internal control. Relative gene expression was calculated using 2-ΔCT method, and fold change of gene was calculated using the equation 2-ΔΔCT.

Transfection of miRNA

Ectopic expression of miR-244 in cells was achieved by transfection with Pre-miR-224 precursor (pre-miR-224) (Ambion, Foster City, CA, USA) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). 2 ×105 cells were seeded into each well of a 6-well plate and transfected for 24 h or 48 h. Transfected cells were used in further assays or RNA/protein extraction.

MTT assay

2×104 SW480 cells were plated onto 96-well plates for 24 h. The cells were then transfected with 50 nM pre-miR-224 or pre-miR-nc. At different time points (24 h, 48 h and 72 h), the culture medium was removed and replaced with culture medium containing 10μl of sterile MTT dye (5 mg/ml). After incubation at 37°C for 4 h, the MTT solution was removed, and 150μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to each well followed by measuring the absorbance at 570 nm on an enzyme immunoassay analyzer (Bio-Rad).

Migration and invasion assays

For migration assays, 5×104 cells transfected with either pre-miR-224 or pre-miR-nc were placed into Boyden chambers (Corning, Cambridge, MA, USA) with an 8.0mm pore membrane. For invasion assays, 5×104 cells were placed into chambers coated with 150μg of Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MD, USA). Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum in the lower chamber served as the chemoattractant. After the cells were incubated for 48 h at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2, the cells remaining on the upper surface of the membranes were removed, whereas the cells adhering to the lower surface were fixed, stained with hematoxylin and counted under a microscope at a magnification of 400× to calculate their relative numbers.

Western blot analysis

Immunoblotting was performed to detect the expression of SMAD4 in CRC cell lines. Transfected cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer (ProMab Biotechnology). Protein was loaded onto a SDS-PAGE minigel and transferred onto PVDF membrane. After probed with 1:500 diluted mouse polyclonal SMAD4 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) at 4°C overnight, the blots were subsequently incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5000). Signals were visualized using ECL Substrates (Millipore, MA, USA). GAPDH was used as an endogenous protein for normalization.

Luciferase assay

For luciferase reporter experiments, the wild-type and mutated 3′UTR of SMAD4 mRNA were subcloned into the XhoI and NotI site of the psicheck-2 vector (Promega) and the new vectors were named psicheck-2-SMAD4-WT and psicheck-2-SMAD4-MUT, respectively. The primers as shown in Table  1 were used to amplify specific fragments. For reporter assay, HEK 293T cells were plated onto 24-well plates at 2×104 cells/well and transfected with 200 ng of psicheck-2-SMAD4-WT or psicheck-2-SMAD4-MUT and 40 nM pre-miR-224 or pre-miR-nc using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Firefly luciferase was used to normalize the Renilla luciferase. After transfection for 48h, cells were harvested and assayed with Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s protocols.

Table 1

PCR primers and oligonucleotide sequences of constructs in luciferase reporter assay

Targets	Type	Primers	Oligonucleotide sequence (5′-3′)
SMAD4
(site 1, site 2)	WT1	Sense	CACAACTCGAGAGGCACAAGGTTGGTTGCTA
		Antisense	GGAAAAAAGCGGCCGCGACCTTCTGAGCAAGGCAGT
SMAD4	WT2	Sense	CACAACTCGAGTGTGTGACACCACCCTCCTA
(site3)		Antisense	AAGGAAAAAAGCGGCCGCTCAATCCAAGCCCGTGAGTC
SMAD4	MUT1	Sense	TGATGCACTGAATTTTTGGTATAATGTTTAAATCATGT
(site1)		Antisense	CCAAAAATTCAGTGCATCAAATCAAGTACAAAAATA
SMAD4	MUT2	Sense	TGGCACACTGAATGTATAGAGAATTTAAGTAGAAAAGTT
(site2)		Antisense	TATACATTCAGTGTGCCAATTGATATGATCATTGATGG
SMAD	MUT3	Sense	GATTAACACTGAATGGCTGGATCATTCAGAGCTCTCTTCT
(site3)		Antisense	GCCATTCAGTGTTAATCAAAATGGACCTAAAAAGAGCCA

Statistical analysis

All data presented in this study have been repeated at least three times from three independent experiments. Continuous variables were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Measurement data were analyzed using Student's t-test, while categorical data were studied using chi-square test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut off value of miR-224 expression. The postoperative survival rate was analyzed with Kaplan–Meier method, and differences in survival rates were assessed with log-rank test. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Two-sided P-values were calculated, and differences were considered significant at P-values of <0.05.

Results

Patients’ characteristics

A total of 108 patients were included in this study with 40 patients in relapse group (relapse within 3 years after radical surgery) and 68 patients in non-relapse group (no relapse within 3 years after radical surgery). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, tumor location, differentiation and TNM stage. The details were seen in Table  2.

Table 2

Clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer patients

	Relapse (n=40)	Nonrelapse (n=68)	p -Value
Age (years)	66(35–82)	66(31–81)	0.576
Gender
Male	24	47	0.335
Female	16	21
Location			0.245
Colon	12	28
Rectum	28	40
Differentiation			0.318
Well, moderate	22	44
Poor, mucinous	18	24
TNM stage			0.119
I	5	17
II	35	51

Well: well-differentiated adenocarcinoma,moderate: moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, poor: poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, mucinous: mucinous carcinoma.

Correlations between miR-224 expressions and disease relapse

In this study, we found that miR-224 expression in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues (P<0.01, Figure  1A). Using the samples from the second cohort, we found that the miR-224 expression levels were significantly up-regulated in the tissues of CRC patients with disease relapse (n=40) compared with those without disease relapse (n=68) (P<0.01, Figure  1B).The expression levels of the miR-224 were categorized as low or high in relation to the cutoff value (25.72) on the basis of ROC curve analysis. Therefore, 48 patients were included in the high expression group and 60 in the low-expression group. Among patients with miR-224 high expression, 27 patients relapsed (27/48, 56.3%), while only 13 patients relapsed (13/60, 21.7%) among patients with miR-224 low expression. Using chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier analysis, the results demonstrated that high miR-224 expression was significantly associated with disease relapse and a relative poorer disease-free survival rate (Figure  1B).

Figure 1

miR-224 is up-regulated in CRC tissues and associated with the relapse of CRC. (A) The expression of miR-224 in CRC tumor tissues was significantly higher than in their paired normal colorectal tissues. (B) The average expression level of miR-224 was higher in relapse group (n=40) than that in non-relapse group (n=68). (C) Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to demonstrate that high expression of miR-224 was significantly associated with disease relapse (P<0.001) and a relative poorer disease-free survival rate (P=0.001). **P<0.01.

MiR-224 promotes CRC cell proliferation

MiR-224 was upregulated in CRC, implicating its potential role in CRC cells biological properties. To further characterize the functional importance in CRC tumorigenesis, we examined the effect of miR-224 on the proliferation of CRC cells using MTT assay. Compared to pre-miR-nc, transfection with pre-miR-224 in SW480 cells led to an approximately 6-fold increase in miR-224 expression as detected by qRT-PCR (Figure  2A). We observed that overexpression of miR-224 significantly promoted the proliferation of SW480 cells, at 24, 48, 72 h after transfection (P<0.05, Figure  2B).

Figure 2

MiR-224 promotes CRC cell proliferation. (A) miR-224 expression in SW480 cells transfected with pre-miR-224 or pre-miR-nc. (B) MTT assay was performed to determine SW480 proliferation. *P<0.05. **P<0.01.

MiR-224 regulates CRC cell invasion and migration in vitro

The potential roles of miR-224 in CRC cell migration and invasion were assessed using transwell migration and invasion assays. We observed that cell migration was significantly increased following transfection with pre-miR-224 compared with the negative control (P<0.01, Figure  3A, 3B). We then examined the effect of miR-224 on cell invasion across an extracellular matrix and showed that in SW480 cells, the overexpression of miR-224 markedly enhanced the invasive potential compared with the control (P<0.05, Figure  3A, 3B). These observations suggest that miR-224 plays an important role in promoting migration and invasive ability of CRC cells.

Figure 3

MiR-224 promotes migration and invation of CRC cells in vitro. (A) Representative photographs of migratory cells on the membrane of transwell chambers in migration and invasion assays (magnification, ×400). (B) The number of migratory/invasive cells was counted per field. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

MiR-224 binds to the 3′UTR of SMAD4

Analysis by using publicly available programs, TargetScan ( http://www.targetscan.org/) and miRanda ( http://www.microrna.org/microrna/home.do), indicates that SMAD4 is theoretically the target gene of miR-224 (Figure  4A). Therefore, in the current study, we further determined whether SMAD4 gene was an authentic target gene of miR-224 in CRC.

Figure 4

SMAD4 is a validated target of miR-224. (A) The wild-type and mutated 3′UTR of SMAD4, with the seed region (site1, site2 and site3) and base substitutions (bold). (B) Dual luciferase report assays were performed on HEK 293T cells. Each bar represents mean values ± SD from three independent experiments. **P<0.01.

We performed a luciferase reporter assay to verify that miR-224 directly targets SMAD4.Sequences of the 3′UTR of the SMAD4 mRNA surrounding the two close miR-224 potential binding sites (site 1 and site 2) containing the wild-type (WT1).we cloned the regions of 3′UTR each containing one putative miR-224 binding site into the psicheck-2 vector and named as WT1 (site1, site2) and WT2 (site3) (Figure  4A). The reporter constructs harboring mutation of the miR-224 target sites were generated similarly (MUT1, MUT2 and MUT3) (Figure  4A). The luciferase reporter constructs were transfected into HEK 293T cells, along with pre-miR-224 or pre-miR-nc. Luciferase activites were then measured. The luciferase activity of WT1 (site1, site2) reporter transfected with pre-miR-224 was significantly decreased compared with control (P<0.01, Figure  4B), while the luciferase activity of the WT2 (site3) reporter was not interfered with after transfection with pre-miR-224 compared with control (P>0.05, Figure  4B). These data indicate that miR-224 may target SMAD4 gene through the seeding region of wild type 3′UTR (site1, site2). However, the luciferase reporter activity was not inhibited by miR-224 when the seeding sites were mutated.

MiR-224 inhibits SMAD4 protein expression but not mRNA level

To further confirm that SMAD4 was the downstream target of miR-224, we analyzed SMAD4 mRNA and protein levels in transfected SW480 cells by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Western blot analysis demonstrated that high expression of miR-224 dramatically suppressed the endogenous protein level of SMAD4 (P<0.01, Figure  5B), while mRNA remained unchanged (P>0.05, Figure  5A).Thus, SMAD4 is likely to be suppressed by miR-224 through translational inhibition.

Figure 5

MiR-224 down-regulates SMAD4 protein expression but not mRNA level. (A) The expression of SMAD4 mRNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR assay. (B) The expression of SMAD4 protein was analyzed by western blot assay. **P<0.01.

Disscussion

It was reported that disease relapse was an important factor leading to the poor survival of colorectal cancer patients [17]. At present, poor clinicopathological characteristics and high carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level were known as high risk factors for relapse but with varying reliability reported [18]. Therefore, effective biomarkers were wanted to distinguish between patients with and without high relapse risk followed by appropriate therapy in CRC.

Differential miRNA expression in tumor samples compared to normal samples or between groups of tumor samples with a favourable and poor clinical outcome have been used to generate miRNA signatures with potential prognostic and/or predictive value [19,20]. In the current study, we confirmed that miR-224 expression in CRC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. Furthermore, miR-224 expression levels were significantly up-regulated in the tissues of CRC patients with disease relapse compared with those without disease relapse, and the CRC patients with up-regulated miR-224 in tumor tissues had a high risk of relapse. Thus, miR-224 could function as a potential predictive marker for relapse following radical surgery of colorectal cancer.

In this study, we investigated the biological role of miR-224 in regulating CRC cancer progression. Our results revealed that miR-224 promoted CRC cells growth, migration and invasion in vitro. To address the molecular mechanisms involved in miR-224-mediated changes of biological properties, SMAD4 was selected for further study because it was predicted to be a target of miR-224 by bioinformatics analysis. SMAD4 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved family of SMAD proteins which are transmitters of signals from the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines [21]. It is suggested that SMAD4 can function as a tumor suppressor gene in gastrointestinal carcinoma [22,23]. Previous study showed that patients with tumors expressing low SMAD4 levels had significantly worse overall and disease-free survival than patients with high levels in colorectal cancer [24]. Moreover, Loss of SMAD4 expression was found to be associated with liver metastasis, and reduced SMAD4 expression enhances tumorigenicity in CRC [25]. A recent study also reported that loss of SMAD4 promoted migration and invasion, and mediated epithelial– mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC cell line SW480 [26,27]. Hence, it is an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy in colorectal cancer.

Our study suggested that SMAD4 was a possible target of miR-224. Firstly, the luciferase reporter assay demonstrated its down-regulation was mediated by the direct binding of miR-224 to the SMAD4 3′-UTR, because the alteration of this region abolished this effect. Secondly, over-expression of miR-224 suppressed SMAD4 protein levels without any change in SMAD4 mRNA expression. Therefore, we proposed that the main mechanism of miR-224-induced SMAD4 suppression was post-transcriptional. In addition, SMAD4 has been confirmed as a target gene of miR-224 in Granulosa Cells [28]. In our study, restoration of miR-224 promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, this could possibly be due to miR-224-mediated down-regulation of SMAD4 expression.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are predicted to be critical drivers of tumor progression due to CSC characteristics including self-renewal and pluripotency, drug resistance, limitless proliferative potential and metastatic capability, suggesting that targeting CSC characteristics would likely eliminate CSCs which are the “seeds” of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Specific miRNAs have been shown to be involved in CSC regulation in CRC, such as miR-328 and miR-449b [29,30]. Recently, Fellenberg et al. showed that the miR-224 functions as an important regulator of stem cells induction by targeting the apoptosis inhibitor, API5 [31]. The generation of CSCs involves a process of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), therefore factors inducing MET or blocking the EMT by inhibiting TGF-β signaling play an essential role in cell reprogramming [32]. It is also known that TGF-β/Smad4 signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of EMT as well as cell stemness in CRC [27,33]. We have discovered a novel target of miR-224 (Smad4), which has key function in TGF-β signaling, providing the possibility that miR-224 may mediate CSC by suppressing TGF-β/Smad4 activity. Thus, our studies might provide a potential molecular mechanism and crosstalk of CSC regulation and tumor metastasis.

In summary, the association between increased levels of miR-224 and disease relapse in CRC patients indicated that miR-224 was a potential biomarker for identifying high-risk CRC patients after radical resection. The present data showed that miR-224 had oncogenic effects, including the promotion of CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, at least in part by targeting the anti-oncogene SMAD4, highlighting the function of miR-224 in the process of tumor progression.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

ZGJ, XHX and LY performed experiments; ZGJ, ZH and ZT designed research and wrote the paper; ZGJ and ZH analyzed data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.